scholarly journals Az önkormányzati politika központi és lokális feltételeinek alakulása krízisidőszakokban

Acta Humana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-197
Author(s):  
Anett Horváth ◽  
Tamás Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Policy Problem

Az elmúlt több mint egy évtized során a magyarországi  helyi önkormányzatok legalább két kívülről eredő exogén  jellegű krízisszituációt éltek és élnek át jelenleg is. Ezek  jellegüknél fogva különbözőek: több mint egy évtizede a  2008–2009-esgazdasági és pénzügyi világválság és vele a  globális világgazdaság káros turbulenciáinak való kitettség  (például önkormányzati devizaadósság, beszűkülő fiskális  mozgástér és romló állami finanszírozás), a 2020–2021-es Covid-19-járvány okozta pandémia időszakában közvetlenül az egészségügyi veszélyhelyzet, közvetett módon pedig a  gazdasági visszaesés okozta krízisek jelentettek  rendszerszintű, paradigmatikus hatású kihívást a  helyhatóságok számára. A közpolitikai változás (policy  change) és közpolitikai probléma (policy problem), valamint  a közpolitikai válság, krízis (policy crisis)  nemzetközi szakirodalma által használatos  fogalomrendszer mentén vizsgáljuk a központi (parlamenti,  kormányzati) jogalkotásnak az önkormányzati  szektorra gyakorolt hatásait a két krízis során. Szintetizáljuk  az alkalmazott alkotmányos, közjogi eszközöket, a két válság időszakában fennálló politikai (parlamenti, kormányzati) környezetet, valamint az önkormányzati szektor mozgásterét, lehetőségeit.  Tanulmányunk fontos elemzési dimenziója, hogy a központi döntési szintnek krízisszituációban hozott döntései (például törvényalkotás, önkormányzatok állami finanszírozása,  különleges jogrend során hozott kormányrendeletek)  tartalmukat tekintve nemcsak a problémák feloldásának  irányába mutathatnak, hanem akár új „konfliktuskonténereket” is nyithatnak ki.

scholarly journals Playing the policy game: a review of the barriers to and enablers of nutrition policy change

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 2643-2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Cullerton ◽  
Timothy Donnet ◽  
Amanda Lee ◽  
Danielle Gallegos
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Nutrition Policy ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Neoliberal Ideology ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
State And Local

AbstractObjectiveTo progress nutrition policy change and develop more effective advocates, it is useful to consider real-world factors and practical experiences of past advocacy efforts to determine the key barriers to and enablers of nutrition policy change. The present review aimed to identify and synthesize the enablers of and barriers to public policy change within the field of nutrition.DesignElectronic databases were searched systematically for studies examining policy making in public health nutrition. An interpretive synthesis was undertaken.SettingInternational, national, state and local government jurisdictions within high-income, democratic countries.ResultsSixty-three studies were selected for inclusion. Numerous themes were identified explaining the barriers to and enablers of policy change, all of which fell under the overarching category of ‘political will’, underpinned by a second major category, ‘public will’. Sub-themes, including pressure from industry, neoliberal ideology, use of emotions and values, and being visible, were prevalent in describing links between public will, political will and policy change.ConclusionsThe frustration around lack of public policy change in nutrition frequently stems from a belief that policy making is a rational process in which evidence is used to assess the relative costs and benefits of options. The findings from the present review confirm that evidence is only one component of influencing policy change. For policy change to occur there needs to be the political will, and often the public will, for the proposed policy problem and solution. The review presents a suite of enablers which can assist health professionals to influence political and public will in future advocacy efforts.

Ideas and Discourse: Reform and Resistance in the Canadian and German Health Systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandna D. Bhatia ◽  
William Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Policy Actors ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Social Facts ◽  
German Health ◽  
The Social

This article examines the conditions under which policy discourses can serve as contributing factors to policy change, even in the absence of changes in institutions and interests. It begins with a discussion of the role of ideas in policy analysis and how they can play a "constitutive role" as frames for policy. Drawing on a distinction between "augmentative" discourses that serve to reinforce an existing policy framework and "transformative discourses" that seek to persuade various publics of the need for significant policy change, four types of policy discourse are defined and a methodology is suggested for identifying these types. Two of these types, "challenging" and "truth-seeking," are hypothesized to be more conducive to the occurrence of significant policy change. Drawing then on case studies of policy change in Canada and Germany respectively, the article shows that a "challenging" discourse emerges in both countries, but leads to significant policy change only in Germany. Based on the comparison of the two cases, it is argued that three factors are relevant to whether a challenging discourse is successful or not: a broad consensus among core policy actors on the nature and gravity of the policy problem; the consistency of the discourse with broadly held normative values; and the persuasiveness of the "social facts" brought to bear in favour of proposed new solutions.

Prevention Policy and Public Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Paul Cairney ◽  
Emily St Denny
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy Problem ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Acute Healthcare

Health policy is the traditional home of prevention policies. Public health is at the heart of policies designed to improve population health, and perhaps reduce health inequalities, often through changes in behaviour at an early age. Public health policy tends to be a hub for advocates of EBPM. In theory, healthcare and public health are symbiotic, particularly if early public health interventions reduce demand for acute healthcare. However, in practice, public health is an exemplar of the wide gap between expectations for ‘evidence-based’ prevention policy and actual outcomes. To demonstrate, first, we apply our theoretical approach, outlined in Chapters 1 to 3, to present a broad examination of health policy and the role of prevention within it, considering what a window of opportunity for prevention policy within a complex system means in relation to health and public health policy. Second, we show that the UK and Scottish governments have described different policy styles, but faced and addressed the ambiguity and complexity of preventive health policy in similar ways. Third, our comparison of broad prevention versus specific tobacco policies shows why substantive policy change is more apparent in the latter: there is a clearer definition of the policy problem, a more supportive environment for meaningful policy change, and more windows of opportunity for specific policy changes. These three conditions are not yet fulfilled in the broader prevention agenda.

Medicare policy change led to higher drug spending

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
MARY ELLEN SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Drug Spending ◽  
Medicare Policy

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

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