Innovations and protection of property rights in the era of radical economic transformations

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
A. G. Kolomiets
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Common Resources ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Common Resource

Formation of the ecosystem of knowledge economy assumes creation of necessary institutional conditions. The most important elements of these conditions are property rights and mechanisms of their security. The paper discusses the questions of formation of institutional prerequisites of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and claims that the evolution of property land rights (land during a pre-industrial era was the basic common resource) provided exclusivity of the rights of large landowners. It also shows the importance in this process of the English educated and ruling class with its ideological and moral traditions, which were marked by the emphasis on individualism and subjectivity. It is concluded that one needs to carefully treat the recommendations based on the experience of the Industrial Revolution. In the knowledge economy, the efficient use of common resources (the main of them being information) for creating innovations involves the development of the distributed property rights system and its protection.

土地生产率极限法则和中国的隐性农业革命

Rural China ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-220 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Property Rights Theory ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Test Result

Abstract By a new concept, the law of limit to land productivity, this paper builds a three (physical, economic and institutional) worlds’ land-use model with inverse logics of different development stages before, in and after the population trap, which extends the span of Malthusian population model to history after the industrial revolution and makes the static property rights theory dynamic: 1) cost/return ratios decide effects of land rights; 2) changes in cost/return ratios alter effects of land rights; 3) changes in land/labor ratios first alter cost/return ratios and next patterns of land rights. By this model and statistical data, the paper then from the supply side substantiates China’s “hidden agricultural revolution” advanced by Huang, and simultaneously tests the model’s inverse logics and dynamic land rights theory. The test result is that Douglass North’s property rights theory has reversed causality of things, and the state can decide to choose what kind of property regimes but cannot decide what kind of effects will flow from the regime chosen by it, and hence should select property regimes according to their real effects rather than the effects made subjectively by the North “theory.” (This article is in Chinese.) 摘要 本文首先用土地生产率极限的新概念建立起一个从空间上由物质、经济和制度三个世界组成，及从时间上能揭示人口陷阱前、人口陷阱中和人口陷阱后三个不同发展阶段的反向逻辑的土地使用动态模型。此模型把马尔萨斯人口模型从原来只能解释工业革命前的历史拓展到也能解释工业革命后的历史，并把诺斯的主观唯心的静态产权理论改正为一个客观唯物的动态土地产权理论：（1）成本/回报率决定土地产权的作用；（2）成本/回报率的变化改变土地产权的作用；（3） 劳均土地资源的变化先改变成本/回报率，其次才改变土地产权模式。依据此模型的构架和中国的历史统计数据， 本文接着从供给角度去验证和充实黄宗智先生最近提出的中国隐性农业革命，并同时验证这一模型的各组反向逻辑和动态土地产权理论。本文的验证结论是诺斯的只有制度世界和经济世界的静态产权理论颠倒了事物的因果关系。国家虽然能决定选择何种产权制度，但无法控制何种效果会从它选择的产权制度中产生出来，因此就应按照产权制度的真实效果而非诺斯理论主观臆想的效果来选择具体的产权制度。

土地生产率极限法则和中国的隐性农业革命

Rural China ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-87 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Property Rights Theory ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Property Regime

Abstract Using a new concept—the law of the limit to land productivity—this article builds a three (physical, economic, and institutional) worlds’ land-use model with inverse logics of different development stages in a time perspective: before, in, and after the population trap. This model extends the span of the Malthusian population model to history after the Industrial Revolution and makes static property rights theory dynamic. It argues that 1) cost/return ratios decide the effects of land rights; 2) changes in cost/return ratios alter the effects of land rights; and 3) changes in land/labor ratios first alter cost/return ratios and then patterns of land rights. Using this model and statistical data, the article, from the supply side, explores the validity of the concept of China’s “hidden agricultural revolution” advanced by Philip C. C. Huang, and simultaneously tests the model’s inverse logics and dynamic land rights theory. The result is that Douglass North’s property rights theory has reversed the causality of things: although the state can set the property regime, it cannot control what kind of effects will flow from the regime it chooses. Hence the state should select property regimes according to their real effects rather than the effects subjectively derived from North’s “theory.” (This article is in English.) 摘要 本文首先用土地生产率极限的新概念建立起一个从空间上由物质、经济和制度三个世界组成，及从时间上能揭示人口陷阱前、人口陷阱中和人口陷阱后三个不同发展阶段的反向逻辑的动态土地使用模型。此模型把马尔萨斯人口模型从原来只能解释工业革命前的历史拓展到也能解释工业革命后的历史，并把诺斯的主观唯心的静态产权理论改正为一个客观唯物的动态土地产权理论：(1)成本/回报率决定土地产权的作用；(2) 成本/回报率的变化改变土地产权的作用；(3)劳均土地资源的变化先改变成本/回报率，其次才改变土地产权模式。依据此模型的构架和中国的历史统计数据，本文接着从供给角度去验证和充实黄宗智先生最近提出的中国隐性农业革命，并同时验证这一模型的各组反向逻辑和动态土地产权理论。本文的验证结论是诺斯的只有制度世界和经济世界的静态产权理论颠倒了事物的因果关系。国家虽然能决定选择何种产权制度，但无法控制何种效果会从它选择的产权制度中产生出来，因此就应按照产权制度的真实效果而非诺斯理论主观臆想的效果来选择具体的产权制度。

scholarly journals SOCIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Тетяна Коляда
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
English Society ◽  
British Education

The article considers the social conditions for the development of secondary education in Great Britain (XIX – first half of the XX century). It was founded that an important factor in the formation of the British education system was the influence of the ruling class of aristocrats (landlords) and the petty nobility. It was founded that education of the majority of the population depended on the area, financial status of the family and religion. It was emphasized that religion played a significant role in the field of mass education. It has been shown that in the early nineteenth century, English society was engulfed in a movement of evangelical revival, as a result of which the Anglican Church could not control all its faithful, unlike the Catholic Church in Europe. It is determined that industrialization, urbanization and democratization have created conditions for social, political and economic transformations that required educated personnel. As a result, a number of laws were passed initiating reforms in primary and secondary education.

scholarly journals Virtual Reality of Modern Socio-Economic Transformations: Conceptual Bases and Theoretical Foundations

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Olga Brizhak ◽  
Vladimir Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Dynamic and deep socio-economic transformations at the present stage of the development of social and economic life even more accentuate the attention of researchers and practitioners on the concentration of reflected forms that characterize their virtual nature. The superstructure of virtual forms, complementing the real basis of the economic system, transforms it in a similar way. Virtual signs, products, images form many-sided images, reproducing the mental activity of a person endlessly. Rapid flows of information are increasing, financial derivatives and currency transactions are multiplying, specific services are carried out that do not have a subjectobject basis and form virtual reality, reflecting and multiplying. The article shows that behind the movement of reflected forms there is a certain essence containing past and future scenarios of the formation of a new way of organizing economic activity of people, designated in a number of works as “knowledge economy”. For effective management of such economy the system quality of communications in all spheres of social and economic processes and the phenomena at the present stage is important. The authors investigate the structural elements of virtual reality and their characteristics; consider synonymous categories denoting the interaction of socio-economic systems in the network space. The article demonstrates theoretical and methodological approaches that reveal the essence, nature and content of the “virtual economy” and “virtual reality” in the conditions of modern socioeconomic transformations. The article uses the resources of knowledge economy, political economy, evolutionary and post-industrial methodology.

Integrated Digital Models for the Representation and Diagnosis in Existing Buildings

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-201
Author(s):  
Marcello Balzani ◽  
Fabiana Raco
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Digital Models ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Key Enabling Technologies

With reference to the fourth Industrial Revolution - the knowledge economy (Rooney, 2005) - the generation of integrated digital models represents one of the most important drivers to generate tangible and intangible added value, helping to incorporate part of the knowledge into production processes. However, in addition to the process of sharing and implementing digital data, the creation of digital models is extremely complex and expensive if it does not involve the set of requirements and needs in the early phase of the project, according to an inclusive and collaborative approach (Carraher et. al. 2017). In this framework, the “Clust-ER BUILD” project aims to achieve integrated Building Information Modelling models and Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) solutions to support innovation, industrial research, and the updating of competencies for intervention projects on existing buildings and cultural heritage.

Periphery, Modernity and the Discovery of Wales in Travel Writing in German from 1790 to 1850

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-154
Author(s):  
Kathryn N. Jones ◽  
Carol Tully ◽  
Heather Williams
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
British Isles ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Impact

This was a period of discovery, with many German-speaking travellers exploring the notion of Wales from a position of ignorance. Consequently, Wales is framed as a peripheral ‘other’ throughout, but nevertheless gradually establishes a presence in the German understanding of the British Isles. This is underpinned by a deeply conflicted reading. Some writers focus on an exoticized, Romanticized Wales which is also seen to be colonized and threatened by its dominant neighbour. Other works highlight the impact, but also the desirability of encroaching modernity in the shape of industry and tourism. Most of these travellers are drawn by sublime landscapes and ancient ruins, as well as developments in mining and infrastructure. Writers adopt different prisms through which to observe Wales but as time goes on, these begin to merge as the beginnings of a recognisable tourist trail develop. Central throughout, however, is an ongoing critique of the English domination of Wales, often described explicitly in colonial terms. This serves to undermine the image of England (as a cipher for Great Britain) as a paradigmatic locus of progressive ideals for the German-speaking lands in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars and on the brink of industrial revolution.

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