scholarly journals Pengolahan Air Limbah Betalaktam Menggunakan Reagen Kaporit, PAC, dan Alum Sulfat

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede H. Cahyana ◽  
Gilang Gumilar ◽  
Tri Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Lactam Ring ◽  
Three Stages

Beta lactam  antibiotics are pollutant in water bodies such as lakes and rivers. Beta lactam rings may have a negative impact on living beings  in lakes and rivers. Beta lactam rings also cause resistance or bacterial resistance to antibiotics. If human beings are  exposed to beta lactam ring, this  could negatively impact on their health. This study attempted  to break down the beta lactam rings  with several chemical reagents. These reagents hydrolyze the beta lactam ring and are then  analyzed using the  HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) instrument. This study aims to determine the how effective  the reagent for breaking the beta lactam ring. The research was conducted in  three stages: preliminary research, research on reagent effectiveness  , and research on β-lactamase degradation  using reagents. The results showed that calcium hypochlorite was able to  break the beta lactam cycle  with 100% efficiency.

scholarly journals The Raw Milk Microbiota from Semi-Subsistence Farms Characteristics by NGS Analysis Method

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 5029
Author(s):  
Bartosz Hornik ◽  
Jakub Czarny ◽  
Justyna Staninska-Pięta ◽  
Łukasz Wolko ◽  
Paweł Cyplik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Bacterial Metabolism ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Environmental Niche ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics

The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiome of raw milk obtained from three semi-subsistence farms (A, B, and C) located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. The composition of drinking milk was assessed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Ion Torrent platform. Based on the conducted research, significant changes in the composition of the milk microbiome were found depending on its place of origin. Bacteria belonging to the Bacillus (17.0%), Corynebacterium (12.0%) and Escherichia-Shigella (11.0%) genera were dominant in the milk collected from farm A. In the case of the milk from farm B, the dominant bacteria belonged to the Acinetobacter genus (21.0%), whereas in the sample from farm C, Escherichia-Shigella (24.8%) and Bacillus (10.3%) dominated the microbiome. An analysis was performed using the PICRUSt tool (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) in order to generate a profile of genes responsible for bacterial metabolism. The conducted analysis confirmed the diversity of the profile of genes responsible for bacterial metabolism in all the tested samples. On the other hand, simultaneous analysis of six KEGG Orthologs (KO), which participated in beta-lactam resistance responsible for antibiotic resistance of bacteria, demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between the predicted occurrence of these orthologs and the place of existence of microorganisms. Therefore, it can be supposed that bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics occurs regardless of the environmental niche, and that the antibiotic resistance maintained in the population is a factor that shapes the functional structure of the microbial consortia.

scholarly journals beta-Lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance.

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Producer Strain ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Clinical Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

beta-Lactamases are the commonest single cause of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Numerous chromosomal and plasmid-mediated types are known and may be classified by their sequences or phenotypic properties. The ability of a beta-lactamase to cause resistance varies with its activity, quantity, and cellular location and, for gram-negative organisms, the permeability of the producer strain. beta-Lactamases sometimes cause obvious resistance to substrate drugs in routine tests; often, however, these enzymes reduce susceptibility without causing resistance at current, pharmacologically chosen breakpoints. This review considers the ability of the prevalent beta-lactamases to cause resistance to widely used beta-lactams, whether resistance is accurately reflected in routine tests, and the extent to which the antibiogram for an organism can be used to predict the type of beta-lactamase that it produces.

Pharmacology of inhibitor-protected beta-lactam agents

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
D. Kryukova ◽  
A. Sokolov ◽  
Maksim Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Low Toxicity

Beta-lactam antibiotics are the most widely used class of antibacterial drugs, both for outpatient and hospital infections. Their further improvement in relation to overcoming the resistance of microorganisms to this group of antibiotics has given new opportunities in the treatment of severe infectious diseases. Due to the obtained high efficiency of β-lactam antibiotics and their low toxicity, they form the basis of antimicrobial chemotherapy at present. Antibiotic resistance is the phenomenon of resistance of a stain of infectious agents to the action of one or more antibacterial drugs. It is a reduced sensitivity (resistance, immunity) of a culture of microorganisms to the action of an antibacterial substance. One of the main mechanisms for the formation of bacterial resistance to them is the production of beta-lactams. To overcome the acquired resistance widespread among microorganisms, compounds have been developed that can irreversibly suppress the activity of these enzymes, the so-called beta-lactam inhibitors - clavulanic acid (clavulanate), sulbactam and tazobactam. They are used to create combined (inhibitor-protected) beta-lactams. Currently, there are several fixed combinations of beta-lactams and beta-lactam inhibitors on the pharmaceutical market. The review article presents the key issues of pharmacology of inhibitor-protected beta-lactam antibacterial drugs.

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Is Continuous Infusion The Preferred Method of Administration?

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G Vondracek
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To examine the pharmacodynamic properties of the beta-lactam class of antibiotics and the rationale for their continuous infusion (CI), and to explore reasons that this mode of administration has not replaced intermittent infusion as the standard of practice. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search of the English-language literature evaluating CI administration of beta-lactam antibiotics was conducted. Bibliographic searches of these articles also were performed. Study Selection: Because there were few human trials, all available trials were considered for review. A cross section of clinical trials, animal studies, and in vitro studies examining the impact of the route of antibiotic administration was selected for each pharmacodynamic variable addressed. Data Synthesis: The support for CI as the preferred method of beta-lactam administration comes primarily from in vitro and animal data. Most beta-lactam antibiotics do not demonstrate concentration-dependent killing and have an appreciable postantibiotic effect only against gram-positive cocci. Their efficacy appears to be optimized by maintaining suprainhibitory concentrations throughout the dosing interval. Therefore, CI of beta-lactams could potentially enhance the efficacy of treatment or allow less drug to be used on a daily basis. This has yet to be demonstrated convincingly in human clinical trials. Comparative trials need to continue to explore die impact of the method of administration on patient outcomes such as duration and cost of therapy, as well as morbidity and mortality. Conclusions: Results of many animal and in vitro studies suggest that CI may be the optimal method of beta-lactam administration. Clinical trials need to further document the impact of the method of beta-lactam administration on the incidence of adverse effects, emergence of bacterial resistance, and patient outcome. Pharmacodynamic studies defining target beta-lactam concentrations, the practicality of CI in patients requiring multiple intravenous fluids and medications, and the pertinence of this issue when beta-lactam antibiotics are used as sole agents or in combination with other antimicrobials require further exploration.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of 12 β-Lactam Antibiotics in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection: Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4873-4879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Clémence Verdier ◽  
Olivier Tribut ◽  
Pierre Tattevin ◽  
Yves Le Tulzo ◽  
Christian Michelet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics

ABSTRACTA rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of 12 beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cloxacillin, imipenem, meropenem, oxacillin, penicillin G, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in small samples of human plasma is described. Extraction consisted of protein precipitation by acetonitrile. An Atlantis T3 analytical column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile and a pH 2 phosphoric acid solution was used for separation. Wavelength photodiode array detection was set either at 210 nm, 230 nm, or 298 nm according to the compound. This method is accurate and reproducible (coefficient of variation [CV] < 8%), allowing quantification of beta-lactam plasma levels from 5 to 250 μg/ml without interference with other common drugs. This technique is easy to use in routine therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics.

Generalized Periodic Discharges With Triphasic Morphology in the Setting of Aztreonam Neurotoxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Andrew Billnitzer ◽  
Peter W. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gaba Receptor ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Periodic Discharges ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Lactam Ring

Generalized periodic discharges with triphasic morphology (GPDs + TWm) have been reported with multiple metabolic and drug toxicities. Beta-lactam antibiotics in some cases can cause neurotoxicity with GPDs + TWm on EEG. There are no reports in the literature of aztreonam causing neurotoxicity and GPDs + TWm. Here we describe GPDs + TWm and encephalopathy developing in a patient with underlying dementia and acute kidney injury who was started on aztreonam for cystitis. Neurotoxic effects of beta-lactam antibiotics have been well studied at this point, likely related to GABA receptor antagonism by the beta lactam ring. Risk factors for toxicity include, advanced age, prior neurological injury and decreased renal clearance. This patient carried multiple risk factors for beta-lactam neurotoxicity. Discontinuation of aztreonam led to a resolution of GPDs + TWm on EEG, and regression of encephalopathy.

scholarly journals An efficient system for intracellular delivery of beta-lactam antibiotics to overcome bacterial resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Abed ◽  
Fatouma Saïd-Hassane ◽  
Fatima Zouhiri ◽  
Julie Mougin ◽  
Valérie Nicolas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Intracellular Delivery ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics
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