scholarly journals SINTESIS STEARAMIDA DARI ASAM STEARAT DAN UREA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syukri ◽  
Zuhrina Masyithah
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Hydrophilic Group ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Stearamide is one kind of surfactant non-ionic which has used on any aplication. This study aims to know about optimum of temperature and time on synthesis of stearamide from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride in mixed solvent. This study will be observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of stearamide surfactant from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted at temperature of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C, reaction time of 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7 hr and 8 hr, substrate molar ratio at 1:6 (w/w), solvent ratio at 2:1 (v/v), weight of catalyst 3% (%w), and stirring speed at 250 rpm. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis stearamide surfactant was obtained at 85 oC and reaction time at 3 hours.

scholarly journals SINTESIS PALMITOIL DAN LAUROIL ETANOLAMIDA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ashari ◽  
Nur Annisa ◽  
Zuhrina Masyithah
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Hydrophilic Group ◽  
Amidation Reaction ◽  
Ir Spectrophotometry ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Substrate Ratio

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Alkanolamide is a type of widely used nonionic surfactant for various purposes. In this study, we observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of palmitoyl ethanolamide surfactant from palmitic acid and lauroyl ethanolamide from lauric acid with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted using amidation reaction at temperature variation of 55oC, 65oC, 75oC, 85oC and 95oC, reaction time variation of 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours, mole substrate ratio at 1:10, solvent ratio at 2: 1 (v / b), catalyst concentration 5% (w/w), and stirring rate at 250 rpm. Then the product was analyzed by FT-IR spectrophotometry. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis palmitoyl ethanolamide surfactant was obtained at 55 oC and temperature 65 oC to synthesis lauroyl ethanolamide surfactant at reaction time of 3 hours for both of them.

scholarly journals THE OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS FOR LAUROYL-N-METHYL GLUCAMIDE SURFACTANTS

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhrina Masyithah ◽  
Seri Bima Sembiring ◽  
Zul Alfian ◽  
Tjahjono Herawan
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio

The optimization of enzymatic synthesis for lauroyl-N-methyl glucamide surfactants is studied. The fraction of palm kernel oil namely lauric acid (AL) was amidificationed with N-methyl glucamine (MGL) to produce lauroyl-N-methyl glucamide. Study was carried out by using immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435®), and tert-amylalcohol as a solvent. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a five level, three variable design was employed, firstly, for studying the interactive effect of various parameters on the reaction, and secondly, for the optimization. The reaction parameters observed were Novozyme concentration, substrate molar ratio, and temperature. Simultaneously increasing Novozyme concentration, substrate molar ratio, and temperature improves the reaction yield and the effect of temperature is noted more significant. The expected optimum condition was at molar ratio MGL:AL 1:1, the Novozyme concentration of 8% and the reaction temperature of 50-55 °C. The reactions at the optimum condition produce the convertion of lauric acid of 64.5% and yield of 96.5%. With the optimization procedure the higher alkyl glucamide yield was achieved.

scholarly journals Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Betulinic Acid Amide in Organic Solvent by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Nurul Atikah Amin Yusof ◽  
Nursyamsyila Mat Hadzir ◽  
Siti Efliza Ashari ◽  
Nor Suhaila Mohamad Hanapi ◽  
Rossuriati Dol Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio

Optimization of the lipase catalyzed enzymatic synthesis of betulinic acid amide in the presence of immobilized lipase, Novozym 435 from Candida antartica as a biocatalyst was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) and 5-level-4-factor central-composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of the synthesis parameters, such as reaction time (20–36 h), reaction temperature (37–45 °C), substrate molar ratio of betulinic acid to butylamine (1:1–1:3), and enzyme amounts (80–120 mg) on the percentage yield of betulinic acid amide by direct amidation reaction. The optimum conditions for synthesis were: reaction time of 28 h 33 min, reaction temperature of 42.92 °C, substrate molar ratio of 1:2.21, and enzyme amount of 97.77 mg. The percentage yield of actual experimental values obtained 65.09% which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 67.23%. The obtained amide was characterized by GC, GCMS and 13C NMR. Betulinic acid amide (BAA) showed a better cytotoxicity compared to betulinic acid as the concentration inhibited 50% of the cell growth (IC50) against MDA-MB-231 cell line (IC50 < 30 µg/mL).

scholarly journals Interesterification of Egg-Yolk Phosphatidylcholine with p-Methoxycinnamic Acid Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipase B from Candida Antarctica

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1181
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rychlicka ◽  
Anna Gliszczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Methoxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio

The p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) is one of the most popular phenylpropanoids, the beneficial impact of which on the human health is well documented in the literature. This compound has shown many valuable activities including anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuro- and hepatoprotective. However, its practical application is limited by its low bioavailability resulting from rapid metabolism in the human body. The latest strategy, aimed at overcoming these limitations, is based on the production of more stability in systemic circulation bioconjugates with phospholipids. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop the biotechnological method for the synthesis of phospholipid derivatives of p-methoxycinnamic acid, which can play a role of new nutraceuticals. We developed and optimized enzymatic interesterification of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (Ep-MCA). Novozym 435 and a binary solvent system of toluene/chloroform 9:1 (v/v) were found to be the effective biocatalyst and reaction medium for the synthesis of structured p-MCA phospholipids, respectively. The effects of the other reaction parameters, such as substrate molar ratio, enzyme dosage, and reaction time, on the degree of incorporation of p-MCA into PC were evaluated by use of an experimental factorial design method. The results showed that substrate molar ratio and biocatalyst load have significant effects on the synthesis of p-methoxycinnamoylated phospholipids. The optimum conditions were: Reaction time of three days, 30% (w/w) of Novozym 435, and 1/10 substrate molar ratio PC/Ep-MCA. Under these parameters, p-methoxycinnamoylated lysophosphatidylcholine (p-MCA-LPC) and p-methoxycinnamoylated phosphatidylcholine (p-MCA-PC) were obtained in isolated yields of 32% and 3% (w/w), respectively.

Synthetic Technology and Performance of a Novel Fatty Alcohol Polyoxyethylene Carboxylate Surfactants

2011 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan Lei ◽  
Guo Zheng ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Yong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Fatty Alcohol ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
New Type ◽  
And Performance

In this paper, with fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene (AEO9), succinic anhydride (SA) and sodium hydroxide as raw materials, a new type of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene carboxylate surfactants (SAE9C-Na) was obtained by esterification and neutralizing effect. The influencing factors were researched and its surface properties were studied. The optimum condition of synthesis was determined: molar ratio of alcohol to acid was 1:1.1, reaction temperature was 85°C, reaction time was 60 min, under this condition, the yield could reach up to 95.8%. The results received from this experiment showed that SAE9C-Na had excellent surface activity and foaming and foam stability, whose emulsification and solubility enhancement were improved greatly.

Synthesis N-palmitoyl lysine from palmitate acid and L-lysine used mixed solvent: Effect of temperature and reaction time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Syukri ◽  
N. R. Purba ◽  
B. R. Hutajulu ◽  
D. Alfizah ◽  
A. Hutagalung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Solvent Effect ◽  
Mixed Solvent ◽  
Effect Of Temperature

scholarly journals Synthesis and Performance ofN-(Benzoyl) Stearic Acid Hydrazide

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Hua Cai ◽  
Shun-Jiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Acid Hydrazide ◽  
Semiempirical Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Benzoyl Hydrazine

N-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide was synthesized from benzoyl hydrazine and stearyl chloride which was deprived from stearic acid via acylation. The structure of the compound had been characterized by FT-IR,1H NMR, at the same time, the structure of N-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide was optimized by the semiempirical method PM3. The influence of the reaction ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature to the yield ofN-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide was investigated by orthogonal experiment, and the optimized reaction condition was molar ratio of benzoyl hydrazine: stearyl chloride 1:1, reaction time 6 h, reaction temperature 70°C, and the yield was 92.9%. The TGA thermal analysis of N-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide showed that thermal stability ofN-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide was affected by heating rate, and theN-(benzoyl) stearic acid hydrazide enhanced the tensile strength, modulus and elongation at break of Poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA).

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Interesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methyl Acetate in Presence of BuOK/BuOH

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Valdis Kampars ◽  
Reinis Gravins ◽  
Kristine Lazdovica ◽  
Ruta Kampare
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Order Rate Constant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
First Order ◽  
Pseudo First Order ◽  
Full Conversion

If the interesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methyl acetate at reactant to oil molar ratio of 18:1 in presence of potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butanol of molar ratio to oil 0.08 is conducted at a temperature of about 35 °C, reaction time for full conversion of oil is shorter than one hour, while at a temperature of 55 °C it is approximately 15 minutes. Reaction time at the desired temperature has a wide "optimal" range and cannot be an effective variable for the process optimisation. Experimental results at the temperature of 25 °C confirm the pseudo-first order of the reaction, which lowered towards the end of the reaction. The pseudo-first order rate constant was 0.63 min-1. Fuel characteristics of the interesterification reaction mixtures without purification improved with the rising of reaction temperature from 35 °C to 55 °C, however, they fail to meet the requirements of standard EN14214 for biodiesel. Methyl acetate to oil molar ratio 18:1 is too low for obtaining products with kinematic viscosity below 5.0 mm2/s.

scholarly journals Application of Tin(II) Chloride Catalyst for High FFA Jatropha Oil Esterification in Continuous Reactive Distillation Column

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Imam Novrizal Aji ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Chloride Catalyst

<p>The application of heterogeneous solid acid catalysts in biodiesel production has become popular and gained significant attention over the last few years. It is since these types of catalysts hold the benefits in terms of easy separation from the product, reusability of the catalyst, high selectivity of the reaction. They are also considered sustainable and powerful particularly in organic synthesis. This work studied the use of tin(II) chloride as solid Lewis acid catalyst to promote the esterification reaction of high Free Fatty Acid (FFA) jatropha oil in continuous reactive distillation column. To obtain the optimum condition, the influences of reaction time, molar ratio of the reactant, and catalyst were investigated. It was revealed that the optimum condition was achieved at the molar ratio of methanol to FFA at 1:60, catalyst concentration of 5%, and reaction temperature of 60°C with the reaction conversion of 90%. This result was significantly superior to the identical reaction performed using batch reactor. The esterification of high FFA jatropha oil using reactive distillation in the presence of tin(II) chloride provided higher conversion than that of Amberlyst-15 heterogeneous catalyst and was comparable to that of homogenous sulfuric acid catalyst, which showed 30 and 94.71% conversion, respectively. The esterification reaction of high FFA jatropha oil was subsequently followed by transesterification reaction for the completion of the biodiesel production. Transesterification was carried out at 60 °C, molar ratio of methanol to oil of 1:6, NaOH catalyst of 1%, and reaction time of one hour. The jatropha biodiesel product resulted from this two steps process could satisfy the ASTM and Indonesian biodiesel standard in terms of ester content (97.79 %), density, and viscosity. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 10<sup>th</sup> November 2015; Revised: 4<sup>th</sup> February 2016; Accepted: 4<sup>th</sup> February 2016</em></p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong>: Kusumaningtyas, R.D., Aji, I.N., Hadiyanto, H., Budiman, A. (2016). Application of Tin(II) Chloride Catalyst for High FFA Jatropha Oil Esterification in Continuous Reactive Distillation Column. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (1): 66-74. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.417.66-74)</p><p><strong>Permalink/DOI</strong>: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.417.66-74">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.417.66-74</a></p>

Catalysis of metalloporphyrins for selective hydroxylation of phenol by H2O2

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Qiang Zeng ◽  
Quan Jiang ◽  
Yun-Fei Zhu ◽  
Xu-Hui Yan ◽  
Xue-Bo Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Hydroxylation Of Phenol ◽  
Water As Solvent ◽  
Selective Hydroxylation

Liquid phase catalytic selective hydroxylation of phenol to catechol and hydroquinone was carried out in the presence of metalloporphyrins using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and water as solvent. Five kinds of metal tetra(p-chlorophenyl)porphrin ( T (p- Cl ) PPMCl , M = Fe , Co , Mn , Cu , Zn ) were studied. It was found that T (p- Cl ) PPFeCl had high catalytic activity and diphenol selectivity for the hydroxylation of phenol to catechol and hydroquinone. The influence of various reaction parameters, namely, reaction temperature, solvent, ratio of substrate and oxidant, substrate concentration, the amount of catalyst, reaction time and pH value were investigated systematically. When water was used as solvent (10 mL), the optimum conditions were following: pH = 7, the concentration of phenol was 0.3 g/mL, the molar ratio of phenol and H 2 O 2 was 1/2, the molar ratio of catalyst and phenol was 7/100000, the reaction temperature was 65°C and the reaction time was 1.5 h. Under above optimum conditions, the phenol conversion was up to 55.1%, and the selectivity of diphenol was almost up to 99.9%, the molar turnover numbers of the catalyst was about 7500. A possible mechanism was also proposed.

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