Distance that the catheter covers from skin to the vein using the US-guided in-plane technique: The impact of footprint of the probe and depth of the vein

Employing the in-plane technique in infants the footprint of the ultrasound probe should be considered along with the depth of the vein, and the angle between the needle and the face of the probe, which is crucial in optimization of the visibility of the needle in the beam. Three different ultrasound probes are evaluated for different depths of vein. The hockey-stick probe provided a shorter minimum distance while maintaining the angle between the needle and the face of the probe within an optimal range for visualization of the needle in the beam, supporting its recommendation for infants with regard to its frequency and physical size.

Risk minimisation methods in shaping the optimal range of treadmills

The article presents a solution to the problem of integrating risk minimisation methods in the process of forming the optimal range of treadmill models in a retail enterprise. The problem of multi-criteria optimisation was solved using the generalised criterion method. The formulated problem was therefore broken down into a number of specific tasks, each of which was solved by selecting specific methods. Risks were minimised by mathematical methods, taking into account the economic performance of the enterprise. Recommendations were also offered for customers wishing to purchase one of the treadmill models chosen from the analysis and the best option for ordering via the online shop with home delivery.

Influence of the concentrations of essential and toxic elements in the blood serum on the indicators of sperm quality in Arabian purebred stallions

Analysis of trace elements in blood serum can be an important tool for monitoring micronutrient supply in stallions in order to maintain reproductive health. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the concentrations of macro- and microelements in the blood serum of stud stallions with the qualitative characteristics of fresh sperm and sperm after cryopreservation and thawing. The studies were carried out on purebred Arabian stallions (n=50). As a biomaterial for studies, we used blood serum, fresh and thawed sperm after cryopreservation. The elemental composition of seminal plasma was determined by 25 chemical elements Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn Ca, K, Mg, P, B, Li, Si, V Na, Ni, Sn, Hg, Sr, Al, As, Cd, Pb) by ICP-DRC-MS methods. It was found that the concentrations of Mg and Co in the blood serum positively correlate with the qualitative characteristics of the sperm of Arabian purebred stallions. Wherein, the optimal range of concentrations of Mg in the blood serum, typical for stallions with relatively high indicators of sperm quality, is 22.64 to 27.05 μg/g; Co – 0.001 to 0.0015 μg/g.

Experimental Data of Grinding Dried Fibrous Plant Materials

Introduction. Developing a method for energy-efficient grinding of fibrous vegetable raw materials to avoid the clogging of grids remains an urgent task. The aim of the research is to study the process of grinding dried fibrous plant materials and to estimate the influence of the device operating characteristics on the quality of grinding and the process energy intensity. Materials and Methods. The experimental apparatus is a rotor grinder. Its working bodies are alternate knives and hammers. When a hammer is in motion, its triangle side creates the reduced pressure area. There was studied the influence of the linear velocities of knife motion and of feed of raw materials on fractional composition of the grinded materials, grinder productivity, and grinding specific energy capacity. Results. It is found that the change in the fractional composition of the grinded product occurs when the speed of the rotor knives increases. Optimal range of knife speed for producing the product of the required fractional composition is 55‒75 m/s. The increase in the speed leads to increasing productivity, but is accompanied by the growth of specific power intensity. If the rotor speed is constant, the increase of raw material feed increases the grinder productivity, but only up to a certain value. After that, the productivity decreases because of excessive filling of the working chamber with raw materials and clogging of the grates. For each value of the knife speed, there is an optimal feed that ensures the maximum productivity. High values of knife speed lead to significant energy intensity of the process and overgrinding of raw materials. Therefore, the optimal range of knife speed is 55‒65 m/s. Discussion and Conclusion. Effective grinding of raw materials is achieved through lower energy capacity of grinding process and absence of grate clogs resulted from separating particles from the surface of plants to be grinded.

ACTIVATION OF WATER USED IN THE PREPARATION OF WHEAT GRAIN FOR VARIETAL MILLING

The purpose of the study is to change the properties of water in order to achieve the optimum impact on wheat grain in preparation for variety milling. The results of influence on the properties of drinking water by acoustic waves in the frequency range of 10-1000 Hz for 1 minute were determined. It is established that the optimal range of exposure is the interval of 80-100 Hz. At the same time water activation is achieved, leading to changes in its properties, such as specific water resistance, electric conductivity, content of dissolved salts, which positively affects the technological indicator - the amount of conductometric ash.

On the Analytical Inversion of Solver Matrices Used in Numerical Approximations for the Diffusion Equation

The goal of this paper is to introduce an analytical approach for the inversion of nxn solver matrices, which are typically used in Finite Difference Method approximations. In the present case, they are used to solve the Diffusion Equation numerically, since in many physics and engineering fields, partial differential equations cannot be solved analytically. The method presented in this work is primarily formulated for cylindrical coordinates, which are often used in Gas Release Experiments as those described in [8]. However, it is possible to introduce a generalized method, which also allows solutions for Cartesian solvers. The advantage of having the explicit inverse is considerable, since the computational effort is reduced. In this paper we also carry out an investigation on the eigenvalues of the backward and forward solver matrix in order to determine an optimal range for the discretization parameters.

Controlled power: how biology manages succinate-driven energy release

Oxidation of succinate by mitochondria can generate a higher protonmotive force (pmf) than can oxidation of NADH-linked substrates. Fundamentally, this is because of differences in redox potentials and gearing. Biology adds kinetic constraints that tune the oxidation of NADH and succinate to ensure that the resulting mitochondrial pmf is suitable for meeting cellular needs without triggering pathology. Tuning within an optimal range is used, for example, to shift ATP consumption between different consumers. Conditions that overcome these constraints and allow succinate oxidation to drive pmf too high can cause pathological generation of reactive oxygen species. We discuss the thermodynamic properties that allow succinate oxidation to drive pmf higher than NADH oxidation, and discuss the evidence for kinetic tuning of ATP production and for pathologies resulting from substantial succinate oxidation in vivo.

The influence of the highlands on the performance of athletes in freestyle men’s and women's wrestling at the XXXII Olympic Games in Tokyo

The article analyzes the performance of participants and winners in men's and women's freestyle wrestling at the XXXII Olympic Games in Tokyo after the training camp in the highlands during the 2nd final stage of preparation for these competitions, which took place in Ivano-Frankivsk region . at the educational and sports base "Zaroslyak" taking into account the age and qualifications of athletes. The base is located at an altitude of 1330 m above sea level. Tokyo, the host of the Olympic Games, is located at an altitude of 40 meters above sea level. The meeting was held from June 17 to July 4, 2021 (17 days) for the men's team and from June 12 to July 3, 2021 (21 days) for the women's freestyle wrestling team. The duration of the meeting and the period of time after it when returning to the plain and the immediate days of the competition were also taken into account. The topical of training athletes also lies in the fact that this is the first Olympic Games after the coronavirus pandemic. The training plan was changed from the usual four-year training cycle to a five-year one. And the next games will take place in three years in Paris. Analysis of the results of the study indicates that the best result and, accordingly, the peak of functionality and endurance at the Olympic Games showed athletes who underwent a training camp lasting 21 days and in which competitive fights came on the 30-32nd day after descending from the mountains. Each sport has its own optimal range of heights for training before the main start, the duration of the training camp and the day the body reaches the peak of functionality and efficiency.

Development and evaluation of novel modules for deployable tension-strut structures

There is a growing need for new alternatives of long-span roof structures with high level of transformability and structural robustness. This led to the development of deployable cable-strut structures, which are composed of a continuous net of struts and another continuous net of cables. Subsequently, a special type of these systems was pioneered and given the term deployable tension-strut structures (DTSSs). The motivation beyond this new concept was the lack of structural efficiency and form flexibility of conventional space trusses that are usually employed for covering large spaces. Typically, DTSSs are roof structures consisting of multiple modules put together to form the roof system. This paper is mainly concerned with developing new robust modules for DTSSs. The technique that was adopted for this purpose is a form-creation methodology previously introduced in the literature. A few modules were already developed based on this shape grammar. However, its potential to develop multiple efficient modules has not been sufficiently investigated. In this current work, the afore-mentioned algorithm was utilized to form 16 new modules. A comparative study based on a nonlinear finite element technique was conducted to investigate the efficiency of the novel modules as compared to that of the previously proposed in the literature. The results show that some of the new proposed modules are far more efficient than those presented in previous researches. Based on this comparative study, the most two efficient modules among the novel ones were picked for further study. Parametric studies were conducted on these two systems under gravity loads and wind loads considering the following parameters: no. of modules, span/depth ratio, and cables’ pre-stress level. For each parameter, the optimal range of values were determined to be used as a guide for the design of such systems.