scholarly journals Medico-Legal Aspects of Containment of the Spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections

2019 ◽  
pp. 1005-1009
Author(s):  
Alexander Alexandrovich Sizov ◽  
Irina Vladimirovna Pashina ◽  
Natalya Gennadievna Lischuk ◽  
Marina Evgenievna Alferova ◽  
Andrew Vladimirovich Lyaskovets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Sexually transmitted infections are a group of diseases that include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydial and mycoplasma infections, trichomoniasis, herpes and HPV infections of the genital organs. In addition, sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus, causing a disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome. According to the World Health Organization, every year more than 340 million people aged 15-49 suffer from sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The basis for the prevention of the spread of sexually transmitted infections and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus should be considered the presence of internal moral attitudes. The motive for the start of sexual life should be your own conscious decision, and not pressure from a partner, fear of losing him, desire to please him and preserve the relationship. Despite the rather wide spread of sexually transmitted infections and the occurrence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, the implementation of the simplest recommendations guarantees the safety of intimate life and preservation of health. A clear legal regulation of actions of a sexual nature, associated with the risk of infection or entailing infection with sexually transmitted infections, helps to curb their distribution. It is essential for maintaining the sexual health of people of young and mature age, which is an important resource of any country.

scholarly journals Point-of-Care Testing to Guide Treatment and Estimate Risk Factors for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents and Young People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Eswatini

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn L Jasumback ◽  
Sarah H Perry ◽  
Tara E Ness ◽  
Martha Matsenjwa ◽  
Zandile T Masangane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 127 million new cases of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), 87 million new cases of Neisseria gonorrhea (NG), and 156 million new cases of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) each year, which corresponds to 355 (219–606), 303 (216–468), and 243 (97.6–425) thousand disability-adjusted life-years. In low-resource settings, however, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are treated syndromically and many individuals with asymptomatic infection may be missed, especially adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods We enrolled patients aged 15–24 with HIV (N = 300) attending a family-centered HIV clinic in Mbabane, Eswatini. Participants completed a sexual history questionnaire and provided urine as well as oropharyngeal and/or vaginal swabs, if sexually active, for testing with Xpert CT/NG and TV tests. Analysis included bivariate and multivariate odds ratios and test sensitivity and specificity. Results Sexually transmitted infection rates were highest (25.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.2–37.3) in females ages 20–24 who were ever sexually active. In patients with confirmed STIs, NG (15 of 32, 47%) was more common than CT (9 of 32, 28%) and TV (8 of 32, 25%). Syndromic screening alone had a sensitivity of 32.0% (95% CI, 14.9–53.3) and specificity of 86.0% (95% CI, 79.0–91.4) but varied by gender. The presence of an STI was associated with reporting new sexual partner(s) (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.4), sometimes to never using condoms (OR = 4.2; 95% CI, 1.7–10.2), most recent sexual partner >25 years old (OR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3–7.9), and HIV diagnosis at age ≥15 years (OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4–8.2). Conclusions Syndromic screening alone performed poorly. Routine diagnostic testing significantly increases STI detection and should be considered in high-risk populations, such as adolescents and young adults with HIV.

scholarly journals Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Immunocompromised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Rural Tanzania: A Preventable Cause of Early Mortality

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Letang ◽  
Matthias C. Müller ◽  
Alex J. Ntamatungiro ◽  
Namvua Kimera ◽  
Diana Faini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cryptococcal Meningitis ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cryptococcal Antigen ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background.  Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of death in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The World Health Organizations recommends pre-antiretroviral treatment (ART) cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening in persons with CD4 below 100 cells/µL. We assessed the prevalence and outcome of cryptococcal antigenemia in rural southern Tanzania. Methods.  We conducted a retrospective study including all ART-naive adults with CD4 <150 cells/µL prospectively enrolled in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort between 2008 and 2012. Cryptococcal antigen was assessed in cryopreserved pre-ART plasma. Cox regression estimated the composite outcome of death or loss to follow-up (LFU) by CRAG status and fluconazole use. Results.  Of 750 ART-naive adults, 28 (3.7%) were CRAG-positive, corresponding to a prevalence of 4.4% (23 of 520) in CD4 <100 and 2.2% (5 of 230) in CD4 100–150 cells/µL. Within 1 year, 75% (21 of 28) of CRAG-positive and 42% (302 of 722) of CRAG-negative patients were dead or LFU (P<.001), with no differences across CD4 strata. Cryptococcal antigen positivity was an independent predictor of death or LFU after adjusting for relevant confounders (hazard ratio [HR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–4.83; P = .006). Cryptococcal meningitis occurred in 39% (11 of 28) of CRAG-positive patients, with similar retention-in-care regardless of meningitis diagnosis (P = .8). Cryptococcal antigen titer >1:160 was associated with meningitis development (odds ratio, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.24–8.41; P = .008). Fluconazole receipt decreased death or LFU in CRAG-positive patients (HR, 0.18; 95% CI, .04–.78; P = .022). Conclusions.  Cryptococcal antigenemia predicted mortality or LFU among ART-naive HIV-infected persons with CD4 <150 cells/µL, and fluconazole increased survival or retention-in-care, suggesting that targeted pre-ART CRAG screening may decrease early mortality or LFU. A CRAG screening threshold of CD4 <100 cells/µL missed 18% of CRAG-positive patients, suggesting guidelines should consider a higher threshold.

Widespread use of herbal medicines by people living with human immunodeficiency virus and contamination of herbal medicines with antiretrovirals in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
J Gini ◽  
A Amara ◽  
Sujan D Penchala ◽  
David J Back ◽  
L Else ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Hiv Therapy ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Herbal medication use amongst people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) is widespread and understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of herbal medicine use amongst PLWH and possible contamination with antiretrovirals (ARVs). Countrywide collection of herbal samples sold by street vendors in Nigeria for the following indications: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome, fever and general weakness. Samples were screened using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for the presence of the following ARVs: efavirenz, nevirapine, lopinavir, darunavir, ritonavir, atazanavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine. A survey was conducted among 742 PLWH attending four HIV clinics in Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using IBM SPSS statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp., 2013, Armond, NY). Of the 138 herbal medicines sampled, three (2%) contained detectable levels of tenofovir, emtricitabine and/or lamivudine. Additionally, of the 742 PLWH surveyed, 310 (41.8%) reported herbal medicine use. Among the users, 191 (61.6%) started taking herbals after commencing HIV therapy while herbal medicine use preceded ARVs treatment in 119 (38.4%) PLWH. We found herbal use to be widespread among PLWH in Nigeria, with increasing use after commencing ARV. Three herbal preparations were also found to contain detectable levels of ARVs. This is a concern and should be studied widely across the region and countries where herbal medicine use is prevalent and poorly regulated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document