scholarly journals Development and Testing of the Methodology for Assessing Features of the Operation of Long-Acting Comparison Electrodes in Electrochemical Protection Systems for Gas Pipelines in Frozen Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
S. A. Shkulov ◽  
◽  
I. V. Shishkin ◽  
A. S. Kuzbozhev ◽  
I. N. Birillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Problem ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Electrochemical Protection ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Current problem of monitoring parameters of the electrochemical protection of gas pipelines is to clarify parameters of long-acting comparison electrodes on frozen soils. The problem is the violation of the electrolytic contact between the long-acting reference electrode and the built-in potential sensor during freezing of the surrounding soil, which leads to a distortion of the data obtained or the impossibility of taking them. The article describes the study of the main operational parameters of long-acting comparison electrodes in permafrost, freezing and thawing soils.

scholarly journals Experimental Substantiation of Parameters of Protective Electrochemical Polarization of Gas Pipelines in Frozen Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
S. A. Shkulov ◽  
◽  
I. V. Shishkin ◽  
A. S. Kuzbozhev ◽  
I. N. Birillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Polarization Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Activity ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Electrochemical Polarization ◽  
Electrochemical Protection ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Resistance Method ◽  
Experimental Substantiation ◽  
Polarization Resistance Method

An urgent issue in the operation of Bovanenkovo-Ukhta gas pipelines in conditions of frozen and seasonally thawing soils is the refinement of parameters of anticorrosive electrochemical protection of gas pipelines. The article discusses the process of determining corrosion activity of water samples that differ in the degree of mineralization during sequential cooling to freezing using the polarization resistance method using an FT-360-40 liquid cryostat and IPC-pro potentiostat with a set of working and auxiliary electrodes.

Long-Range Pipeline Monitoring by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Inaudi ◽  
Branko Glisic
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensing

Distributed fiber optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fiber is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongated structures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells and coiled tubing. Sensing systems based on Brillouin and Raman scattering are used for example to detect pipeline leakages, verify pipeline operational parameters, prevent failure of pipelines installed in landslide areas, optimize oil production from wells and detect hot-spots in high-power cables. Recent developments in distributed fiber sensing technology allow the monitoring of 60 km of pipeline from a single instrument and of up to 300 km with the use of optical amplifiers. New application opportunities have demonstrated that the design and production of sensing cables is a critical element for the success of any distributed sensing instrumentation project. Although some telecommunication cables can be effectively used for sensing ordinary temperatures, monitoring high and low temperatures or distributed strain present unique challenges that require specific cable designs. This contribution presents advances in long-range distributed sensing and in novel sensing cable designs for distributed temperature and strain sensing. The paper also reports a number of significant field application examples of this technology, including leakage detection on brine and gas pipelines, strain monitoring on gas pipelines and combined strain and temperature monitoring on composite flow lines and composite coiled-tubing pipes.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE REDUCTION OF THE RESPONSE TO THE LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR BY SOLUBLE FRACTIONS FROM HUMAN, OVINE, BOVINE AND PORCINE THYROIDS

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN DIRMIKIS ◽  
D. S. MUNRO
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Human Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
S Peak ◽  
Soluble Fractions

SUMMARY The response to the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) but not to bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was reduced by soluble fractions from human, ovine, bovine and porcine thyroids. A significant increase in the capacities of human, ovine and bovine thyroidal soluble fractions to reduce the response to LATS occurred upon freezing and thawing of thyroidal homogenates. In human thyroids this change took place predominantly in the 4 S peak, which was the most active of the soluble fractions from frozen human thyroid tissue. However, in ovine and bovine thyroids, the change could be accounted for mainly by components of the 19 S peak, this being also the most active of the soluble fractions of frozen animal thyroids in reducing the response to LATS. Whereas human LATS-binding activity (LAA) was destroyed by heating at 56 °C for 1 h the capacities of ovine, bovine and porcine thyroidal soluble fractions (or their 19 S components) to reduce the response to LATS were not affected by this treatment. The interaction between human LAA and LATS can be reversed by 2 m-NaSCN, which also destroys LAA. However, NaSCN had no detectable effect on the capacities of soluble fractions (or their 19 S components) from ovine, bovine and porcine thyroids to reduce the response to LATS. The reduction of the response to LATS by very high concentrations of 4 S components, from frozen ovine thyroidal homogenate, was partially reversed by 2 m-NaSCN. Thus ovine thyroids may be a source of a substance with the properties of human LAA, but with a yield of approximately 10% of that obtained from human thyroid tissue. It was concluded that ovine, bovine and porcine thyroidal soluble fractions reduced the response to LATS mainly by mechanisms other than binding to LAA.

Long-Range Pipeline Monitoring by Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Inaudi ◽  
Branko Glisic
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Coiled Tubing ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensing

Distributed fiber optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fiber is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongated structures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells, and coiled tubing. Sensing systems based on Brillouin and Raman scattering are used, for example, to detect pipeline leakages, to verify pipeline operational parameters and to prevent failure of pipelines installed in landslide areas, to optimize oil production from wells, and to detect hot spots in high-power cables. Recent developments in distributed fiber sensing technology allow the monitoring of 60 km of pipeline from a single instrument and of up to 300 km with the use of optical amplifiers. New application opportunities have demonstrated that the design and production of sensing cables are a critical element for the success of any distributed sensing instrumentation project. Although some telecommunication cables can be effectively used for sensing ordinary temperatures, monitoring high and low temperatures or distributed strain presents unique challenges that require specific cable designs. This contribution presents advances in long-range distributed sensing and in novel sensing cable designs for distributed temperature and strain sensing. This paper also reports a number of significant field application examples of this technology, including leakage detection on brine and gas pipelines, strain monitoring on gas pipelines and combined strain and temperature monitoring on composite flow lines, and composite coiled tubing pipes.

Laboratory Test of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Shanghai Frozen Soils under Freeze-Thaw Cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 716 ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Dong Hu ◽  
Jin Tai Wang ◽  
Xing Fu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Soft Soil ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Thaw Cycle ◽  
Ground Freezing ◽  
Freeze Thaw Cycle ◽  
Artificial Ground Freezing ◽  
Mechanical Characters

The artificial ground freezing (AGF) is now widely employed in constructions with the expanding underground space exploitation in Shanghai. In order to avoid geological disasters which might appear in the AGF practice, it is urgently needed to do laboratory tests on the physical and mechanical characters of Shanghai soft soil under freezing and thawing action. This paper tests three kinds of soils from the location ofShanghai Metro line 4 constructions in different state, i.e. original state, freeze-thaw state and secondary freeze-thaw state, and obtains the changing rules of soil characters under secondary freeze-thaw action.

scholarly journals Selection of electrodes for monitoring protection systems of ships’ steel hulls and machinery

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Ястребов ◽  
Dmitry Yastrebov ◽  
Олег Белов ◽  
Oleg Belov ◽  
Владимир Швецов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Ship Structures ◽  
Control Electrode ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
House Design

The article considers the problems of ship structures exposed to adverse conditions, which contribute to the failure of important mechanisms and reduce the service life of steel parts of machines. One of the most important reasons for the ship structures wear is corrosion. The experience of choosing the electrodes to control the sacrificial protection systems on board ships is presented. There are presented the results of measuring the potential of the hull of the boat ROOM 52-22 at a given control point, using a multimeter MASTECH MY 62 and two control electrodes. The first control electrode is of in-house design; it was made of electric carbon product for electric machines. A standard portable silver chloride reference electrode was used as a second electrode. Both electrodes have been in operation for 3 years. The vessel under consideration was in a long-term parking mode. Control measurements were performed from 23.05 - 07.07.2019, while monitoring the potential of the hull three times a day using several parallel measurements. The time interval between parallel potential measurements made ≈ 5 seconds. The potential of the hull was measured by a specially trained operator. The accuracy of measurements was estimated using the coefficient of variation. Analysis of the studies justified that the accuracy of the control results of the protective anticorrosion systems on ships depends on the choice of the type of control electrode. It has been found that the efficiency of the silver chloride electrode has a strong impact on its operation life. The results of full-scale corrosion studies can be used by ship crews to justify the selection of control electrodes.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DOMESTIC REGULATORY FRAMEWORK GOVERNING CATHODIC PROTECTION OF HEATING NETWORKS AGAINST EXTERNAL CORROSION IN THE GROUND

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
V. G. Kiselev ◽  
E. N. Ruzich
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Electrochemical Protection ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Design For All ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
Cathodic Protection System ◽  
Heating Networks

Abstract: Paper provides comparative analysis of basic regulations governing design of systems of cathodic protection of underground metal structures against corrosion based on both Russian and international materials. The following basic parameters for evaluation of cathodic protection system performance are accepted: "need for applying cathodic protection systems", "values characterizing security of underground metal structures against corrosion in the presence of electrochemical protection", "density of protective current" and "magnitude of protective current". Carried out analysis identified the need to improve Russian system of cathodic protection systems design for all listed characteristics and above all in the direction of reducing the quantities of protective current and its density.

scholarly journals Visualization of the Operational Parameters Archive of a Nuclear Reactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Ten ◽  
Andrey Zagrebayev ◽  
Victor Pilyugin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Scientific Visualization ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Operating Personnel ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Express Analysis

For the most part, the solution of the problem of visualizing any data depends on the structure, size and type of data provided. In this work, the data are archives of RBMK or VVER reactors provided from different control and protection systems of the reactors. Despite the fact that several visualization complexes have already been developed, the visualization task is still relevant due to the necessity to improve the quality of monitoring systems and operational personnel. This paper describes the mathematical apparatus for express analysis of the archive of operational parameters of a VVER nuclear reactor. The developed software makes it possible to carry out express analysis of the VVER reactor archive in terms of plotting altitude or time graphs, as well as using dynamic visualization using the Chernoff faces method, which in turn can provide scientific and practical benefits due to improvement the work quality of operating personnel and conduction analysis of situations that requires additional attention and more detailed analysis. Also, the fundamental concept of this work is the method of scientific visualization, which is widely used in various theoretical and experimental studies. It can be said that the main aim of scientific visualization is to make invisible visible.

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