scholarly journals Optimal Design of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls Utilizing Eleven Meta-Heuristic Algorithms: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kaveh ◽  
Kiarash Biabani Hamedani ◽  
Taha Bakhshpoori
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Loading Condition ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

In this paper, optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls is performed under static and dynamic loading conditions utilizing eleven population-based meta-heuristic algorithms. These algorithms consist of Artificial Bee Colony algorithm, Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization algorithm, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, Cuckoo Search algorithm, Charged System Search algorithm, Ray Optimization algorithm, Tug of War Optimization algorithm, Water Evaporation Optimization algorithm, Vibrating Particles System algorithm, and Cyclical Parthenogenesis Algorithm. Two well-known methods consisting of the Rankine and Coulomb methods are used to determine lateral earth pressures acting on cantilever retaining wall under static loading condition. In addition, Mononobe-Okabe method is employed for dynamic loading condition. The design is based on ACI 318-05 and the goal of optimization is to minimize the cost function of the cantilever retaining wall. The performance of the utilized algorithms is investigated through an optimization example of cantilever retaining wall. In addition, convergence histories of the algorithms are provided for better understanding of their performance.

Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

2018 ◽  
pp. 360-378
Author(s):  
Rasim Temür ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Optimum Design ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls

Methodologies based on metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, harmony search algorithm, and teaching-learning-based optimization are proposed for optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls. The objective function of optimization is to find a design providing minimum cost, including material and construction costs. For this purpose, the best combination of 11 design variables (heel and toe projections, stem thickness at the top and bottom of a wall, slab thickness and rebar diameters, and spacing between the bars) that satisfy 29 design constraints including stability (overturning, sliding, and bearing) and reinforced concrete design of the wall are searched during the optimization process. The rules of ACI 318 14 (building code requirements for structural concrete) are used for the reinforced concrete design. In order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of algorithms, several different cases are investigated. As conclusions, some suggestions have been obtained that will lead to future work in this field.

scholarly journals The Usage of the Harmony Search Algorithm for the Optimal Design Problem of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Zülal Akbay Arama ◽  
Aylin Ece Kayabekir ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş ◽  
Sanghun Kim ◽  
Zong Woo Geem
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Foundation Soil

In this paper, the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm is utilized to perform single and multivariate parametric studies to acquire the optimization of both size and cost of reinforced concrete (RC) retaining walls embedded in pure frictional soils. The geotechnical properties of the backfill and foundation soil such as shear strength angle, unit weight, and the ultimate bearing pressure of the soil have been used to create different cases for evaluating the effects of site properties on the size and cost of the wall. The change of depth of excavation and surcharge loading condition is fictionalized for generating different environmental conditions for all envisaged soil profiles to predict possible rates of influences. The unit cost of the concrete has also been evaluated as a variant to show the economic constraints on the selection of structural materials. The results of the analyses represent the integrated influences of different significant parameters on the achievement of minimum cost-dimension optimization. Besides, a well-known commercial geotechnical engineering software is used to compare the appropriateness of the suggested designs in terms of both the attainment of geotechnical stability and the structural requirements. Consequently, this study can guide both researchers and designers to select the proper and optimal sections of RC-retaining wall systems with simultaneous analyses of parameters that are influenced by the design process. Furthermore, the optimization results indicate that a significant cost reduction may be achieved when compared with the traditional pre-design method.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls: Multi-objective Optimization with Harmony Search Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Ece Kayabekir ◽  
Zülal Akbay Arama ◽  
Gebrail Bekdaş ◽  
Sinan Melih Nigdeli ◽  
Zong Woo Geem
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Harmony Search ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Flower Pollination Algorithm ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
The Cost

In this study, considering the eco-friendly design necessities of reinforced concrete structures, the acquirement of minimizing both the cost and the CO2 emission of the reinforced concrete retaining walls in conjunction with ensuring stability conditions has been investigated using harmony search algorithm. Optimization analyses were conducted with the use of two different objective functions to discover the contribution rate of variants to the cost and CO2 emission individually. Besides this, the integrated relationship of cost and CO2 emission was also identified by multi-objective analysis in order to identify an eco-friendly and cost-effective design. The height of the stem and the width of the foundation were treated as design variables. Several optimization cases were fictionalized in relation with the change of the depth of excavation, the amount of the surcharge applied at the top of the wall system at the backfill side, the unit weight of the backfill soil, the costs, and CO2 emission amounts of both the concrete and the reinforcement bars. Consequently, the results of the optimization analyses were arranged to discover the possibility of supplying an eco-friendly design of retaining walls with the minimization of both cost and gas emission depending upon the comparison of outcomes of the identified objective functions. The proposed approach is effective to find both economic and ecological results according to hand calculations and flower pollination algorithm.

scholarly journals Review on “Assessment of the effect of lateral dynamic forces on rcc cantilever l-shaped and t-shaped retaining wall with height variations”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1197 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
Jayesh Harode ◽  
Kuldeep Dabhekar ◽  
P.Y. Pawade ◽  
Isha Khedikar
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Present Design ◽  
Cantilever Retaining Walls ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Manual Calculation

Abstract It is now becoming very essential to analyse the behaviour of retaining structures due to their wide infrastructural applications. The important factors which are affecting the stability of the retaining wall are the distribution of earth pressure on the wall, material of backfill & its reaction against earth pressure. There are several types of retaining walls, out of them the cantilever retaining wall is adopted for present design and study. In this paper, the study of literature based on the design of the cantilever retaining walls under seismic or dynamic conditions is studied. From the studied literature, many authors performed their calculations in Excel sheets by a manual method. Then the Results obtained from the manual calculation are then validated in STAAD pro. Several authors show the calculated quantity of steel and concrete required for various heights of walls. It is also concluded from the study that the design of cantilever retaining wall is suitable, safe, and economical up to a height of 6m, after that banding moment at toe increases. Some authors have also shown the calculated factor of safety for different height conditions. From the study of mentioned literature, we can recommended to also show the graph of bending moment with height variation. Both the designs are done for various heights ranging from 3 m to 6 m.

scholarly journals Structural Analysis of Cantilever Retaining Wall using STAAD PRO and Compare with Manual Calculations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 582-588
Author(s):  
Nikhil Nimkarde
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Lateral Pressure ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Seismic Zones ◽  
Different Types

Reinforced concrete retaining walls have a vertical or sloping stem cast by the base plate. They are considered suitable for a height of 6 m. It resists lateral pressure on the ground by the cantilever action of the stem, plate on the legs and heel plate. The tendency of the wall to slide forward due to lateral pressure on the ground should be investigated, and a safety factor of 1.5 should be provided against slipping. Consolidated retaining walls are best at a height of 6 m. For a greater height, the pressure on the ground due to the preserved filling will be higher due to the effect of the lever arm, the base produces higher moments, which leads to a higher section for designing stability, as well as to the design structures of the structure. In this paper, structural analysis should be performed in the case of wall retention with different types of joints and span. The cantilever retaining wall and the buttress retaining wall are modeled for different seismic zones.

Test Case Optimization and Prioritization Using Improved Cuckoo Search and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.6) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Chandrasekhara Reddy T ◽  
Srivani V ◽  
A. Mallikarjuna Reddy ◽  
G. Vishnu Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Cuckoo Search ◽  
Test Suite ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Cuckoo Algorithm

For minimized t-way test suite generation (t indicates more strength of interaction) recently many meta-heuristic, hybrid and hyper-heuristic algorithms are proposed which includes Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA), Cuckoo Search (CS), Harmony Elements Algorithm (HE), Exponential Monte Carlo with counter (EMCQ), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Choice Function (CF). Although useful strategies are required specific domain knowledge to allow effective tuning before good quality solutions can be obtained. In our proposed technique test cases are optimized by utilizing Improved Cuckoo Algorithm (ICSA). At that point, the advanced experiments are organized or prioritized by utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The Particle Swarm Optimization and Improved Cuckoo Algorithm (PSOICSA) estimation is a blend of Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm(ICSA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSOICSA could be utilized to advance the test suite, and coordinate both ICSA and PSO for a superior outcome, when contrasted with their individual execution as far as experiment improvement. 

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