scholarly journals The Many Themes of Humanism: Topic Modelling Humanism Discourse in Early 19th-Century German-Language Press

2020 ◽  
pp. 259-277
Author(s):  
Heidi Hakkarainen ◽  
Zuhair Iftikhar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Character Recognition ◽  
Optical Character Recognition ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Topic Model ◽  
German Language ◽  
Topic Modelling ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Many

Topic modelling is often described as a text-mining tool for conducting a study of hidden semantic structures of a text or a text corpus by extracting topics from a document or a collection of documents. Yet, instead of one singular method, there are various tools for topic modelling that can be utilised for historical research. Dynamic topic models, for example, are often constructed temporally year by year, which makes it possible to track and analyse the ways in which topics change over time. This chapter provides a case example on topic modelling historical primary sources. The chapter uses two tools to carry out topic modelling, MALLET and Dynamic Topic Model (DTM), in one dataset, containing texts from the early 19th-century German-language press which have been subjected to optical character recognition (OCR). All of these texts were discussing humanism, which was a newly emerging concept before mid-century, gaining various meanings in the public discourse before, during and after the 1848–1849 revolutions. Yet, these multiple themes and early interpretations of humanism in the press have been previously under-studied. By analysing the evolution of the topics between 1829 and 1850, this chapter aims to shed light on the change of the discourse surrounding humanism in the early 19th-century German-speaking Europe.

Pengantar dan Survey Tentang Optical Music Recognition

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Kevin Purwito
Keyword(s):  
Character Recognition ◽  
Optical Character Recognition ◽  
Optical Music Recognition ◽  
Optical Character ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Music Recognition ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
The Many ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Music Symbol

This paper describes about one of the many extension of Optical Character Recognition (OCR), that is Optical Music Recognition (OMR). OMR is used to recognize musical sheets into digital format, such as MIDI or MusicXML. There are many musical symbols that usually used in musical sheets and therefore needs to be recognized by OMR, such as staff; treble, bass, alto and tenor clef; sharp, flat and natural; beams, staccato, staccatissimo, dynamic, tenuto, marcato, stopped note, harmonic and fermata; notes; rests; ties and slurs; and also mordent and turn. OMR usually has four main processes, namely Preprocessing, Music Symbol Recognition, Musical Notation Reconstruction and Final Representation Construction. Each of those four main processes uses different methods and algorithms and each of those processes still needs further development and research. There are already many application that uses OMR to date, but none gives the perfect result. Therefore, besides the development and research for each OMR process, there is also a need to a development and research for combined recognizer, that combines the results from different OMR application to increase the final result’s accuracy. Index Terms—Music, optical character recognition, optical music recognition, musical symbol, image processing, combined recognizer  

scholarly journals The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Michael Beer ◽  
Bernhard Uehleke ◽  
Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Natural Healing

We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and chronic diseases over weeks there were some which were controlled by medical doctors in the 20th century and some which were implemented by government. In many of the establishments there were approaches for measuring usefulness of the treatments, some of which have been initiated explicitly for that purpose.

„Ein modernes Verdeutschungs-Unternehmen“. Über die historische Semantik der Buber-Rosenzweig-Bibel

Naharaim ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inka Sauter
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
General Public ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Martin Buber ◽  
German Language ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Historical Semantics ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract This article traces a debate on Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig’s Germanization of the Bible. The trigger of the debate was Siegfried Kracauer’s infamous critique entitled “Die Bibel auf Deutsch” (“The Bible in German”), published in April 1926 in the Frankfurter Zeitung. In his harsh review of the first volume of the translation, Kracauer regards the use of the German language by Buber and Rosenzweig as an archaization. Relying in part on unpublished letters, this paper presents and explores the different perceptions of the translation, which embody the depths these fault lines penetrated both in general public discourse and, more specifically, in German-Jewish circles. This article also points towards the change of the German language in the 19th century that is embedded in the historical semantics of the Buber-Rosenzweig Bible.

Barbary States

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Governments ◽  
North African ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Barbary States

The North African states of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Morocco, which, until the 19th century, Europeans collectively referred to as the “Barbary States,” first came into existence with the spread of Islam across the northern African coast and into the Iberian Peninsula from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century. Over the following eight centuries, these small states on the edges of the Mediterranean world employed a mix of trade and privateering (often labeled piracy) to sustain their economies. Based on religious dictate, Barbary privateers sailed against Christian nations who failed to negotiate a treaty with the Barbary States. Once captured, Christians were sold into slavery in the North African nations. Although commonly referred to as “pirates,” the Barbary ships might more properly be referred to as “privateers” or “corsairs.” While many of these ships were privately held, they operated with the sanction of the Barbary governments, lending a legitimacy to their activity that the term pirate denies them. The practice of privateering was recognized by states throughout the world as legal until 1856, when privateering was abolished under the Declaration of Paris. It was on this premise that the Barbary States, primarily Algeria and Morocco, sailed the Mediterranean in search of wealth. These raids supplied these North African states with both treasure and captives. The crews and state governments split the spoils of the raids, while captive crewmen found themselves on the auction block and sold into slavery throughout North Africa. Captives with few skills often ended up working in the quarries or shipyards. Seamen trained in a trade often found themselves in cities working at their craft. Those sailors who converted to Islam were able to return to sea as crewmen aboard the Barbary corsairs. Officers on the captured vessels were often placed on parole, reflecting similar European practices, provided they paid a monthly fee for their limited freedom. For the European powers, the threat of the Barbary States was best managed through a series of yearly tributes to maintain safe passage for their ships. While the many European navies were more than a match for the North African forces, most European powers deemed annual payment the most effective means for dealing with these North African states. Following the Napoleonic Wars and a series of conflicts with the newly independent United States, the Barbary raids were finally terminated in the early 19th century, culminating with the French conquest of Algeria in 1830.

scholarly journals Optical character recognition of typeset Coptic text with neural networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i135-i141
Author(s):  
So Miyagawa ◽  
Kirill Bulert ◽  
Marco Büchler ◽  
Heike Behlmer
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Character Recognition ◽  
Optical Character Recognition ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Optical Character ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Text Model ◽  
The Many

Abstract Digital Humanities (DH) within Coptic Studies, an emerging field of development, will be much aided by the digitization of large quantities of typeset Coptic texts. Until recently, the only Optical Character Recognition (OCR) analysis of printed Coptic texts had been executed by Moheb S. Mekhaiel, who used the Tesseract program to create a text model for liturgical books in the Bohairic dialect of Coptic. However, this model is not suitable for the many scholarly editions of texts in the Sahidic dialect of Coptic which use noticeably different fonts. In the current study, DH and Coptological projects based in Göttingen, Germany, collaborated to develop a new Coptic OCR pipeline suitable for use with all Coptic dialects. The objective of the study was to generate a model which can facilitate digital Coptic Studies and produce Coptic corpora from existing printed texts. First, we compared the two available OCR programs that can recognize Coptic: Tesseract and Ocropy. The results indicated that the neural network model, i.e. Ocropy, performed better at recognizing the letters with supralinear strokes that characterize the published Sahidic texts. After training Ocropy for Coptic using artificial neural networks, the team achieved an accuracy rate of >91% for the OCR analysis of Coptic typeset. We subsequently compared the efficiency of Ocropy to that of manual transcribing and concluded that the use of Ocropy to extract Coptic from digital images of printed texts is highly beneficial to Coptic DH.

scholarly journals Schweizerdeutsch und Sprachbewusstsein

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Ruoss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Swiss German ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Little is known about the conditions that led to German-Swiss diglossia. Based on public discourse about Swiss German, the study shows that with respect to the history of language awareness, today’s typical bilingualism in Swiss German and standard German became consolidated in the 19th century in close relation to societal processes. The study is a major contribution to the linguistic history of German-speaking Switzerland.

Hugh Neill (1806–64) and the early years of the Liverpool Ophthalmic Infirmary

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Silvester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

This account of the early history of ophthalmology in Liverpool refers particularly to Hugh Neill, one of the many Edinburgh-educated surgeons working in Liverpool during the early 19th century.

scholarly journals „Sprechen Sie Deutsch? A. Merkel Nori Daugiau Vokiečių Kalbos Europoje“ (Delfi, 19.06.2013): The Image of German in Lithuanian Media Discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-90
Author(s):  
Rūta Eidukevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
German Language ◽  
Argumentation Scheme ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
German Speaking

Summary The paper aims to analyze the attitudes to German language in the Lithuanian public discourse. Texts written on this topic and chosen for the analysis appeared in two news portals – the national news portal delfi.lt and the regional news portal kaunodiena.lt. The database covers the period from 1 January 2011 to 1 March 2017; it consists of 82 articles from both news portals. For studying the image of German, the present study applies the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis taking into account different argumentation strategies for learning or not learning German as a foreign language as well as main topical priorities. The general attitudes towards countries can serve as an important foundation for motivation to language learning, so the analysis starts with the discussion of the specifics attributed to Germany and German-speaking countries (effectiveness governing the world, sympathy, economic success, and reliability). The analysis of the selected texts confirms that the image of Germany in Lithuania is quite positive: Germany, especially on delfi.lt, is presented as a target country for qualified Lithuanian experts, as an economically stable country having a large degree of political and cultural influence in the world. Regarding the status of German, the analyzed texts reveal a more ambiguous picture: on the one hand, it is stated that German is not popular in Lithuania, on the other hand it is emphasized that the popularity of the German language is increasing. The argumentation scheme for learning German consists of several argumentation lines: German is represented as a commodity in such domains as a professional career in Germany, in dealing with bilateral business relations, and to some extent in building a professional career in one’s home country and upholding cultural relations.

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