STATE ACTION AS AN INDIVIDUAL SECURITY THREAT IN CASE OF CYBERCRIME SECURITIZATION

<p>In the current security concept, there are some changes to the current security object. This is due to the increasingly broad understanding of security objects. This study examines the emergence of cyber issues as a new threat to state security. Cyber actions in the virtual world are developing along with the rapid technology development. Moreover, the state policy on cyber issues is considered as a new threat to individual security. The development of that state security issue is being debated among the theoreticians of international security studies. The concept of securitization explains the phenomenon of cyber issues and receives the attention of many states. Securitization carried out by the United States on Cybercrime issues becomes the initial trigger in viewing cyber actions as a new threat to state security. The object of this paper is more focused on State policy in dealing with cyber threats. Afterward, state policy in facing the cyber threat is seen from the perspective of human security from UNDP. Therefore, there is a debate about the desired security object. State actions to reach state security are then considered as individual privacy security. So, international security now does not only focus on state objects but also on individual, environment, economy, and identity. Thus, every action taken in securing an object does not pose a threat to other security objects.</p><div><p class="Els-keywords">Keywords: Cybercrime, State Security, Human Security, Securitization</p></div>

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Human security as biosecurity

Politics and the Life Sciences ◽

10.1017/pls.2021.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Craig Albert ◽

Amado Baez ◽

Joshua Rutland

Keyword(s):

International Security ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Human Security ◽

The United States ◽

Security Threat ◽

Global Security ◽

Case Study Analysis ◽

Theoretical Approaches ◽

The Individual

Abstract Research within security studies has struggled to determine whether infectious disease (ID) represents an existential threat to national and international security. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), it is imperative to reexamine the relationship between ID and global security. This article addresses the specific threat to security from COVID-19, asking, “Is COVID-19 a threat to national and international security?” To investigate this question, this article uses two theoretical approaches: human security and biosecurity. It argues that COVID-19 is a threat to global security by the ontological crisis posed to individuals through human security theory and through high politics, as evidenced by biosecurity. By viewing security threats through the lens of the individual and the state, it becomes clear that ID should be considered an international security threat. This article examines the relevant literature and applies the theoretical framework to a case study analysis focused on the United States.

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The United Nations and International Security in the New Millennium

Perspectives on Global Development and Technology ◽

10.1163/156915005775093331 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 517-541

Author(s):

W. Andy Knight

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Soviet Union ◽

United Nations ◽

Former Soviet Union ◽

International Security ◽

Human Security ◽

The United States ◽

Post Cold War ◽

The United Nations ◽

The Cold War

AbstractThe end of the Cold War opened a window of opportunity for the United Nations to play a greater role in international security than it was allowed to play in the midst of the ideological conflict between the United States and the former Soviet Union. However, the expected "peace dividend" never materialized in the post-Cold War period. Instead, a number of civil conflicts erupted and new threats to security, particularly to human security, emerged. This chapter critically examines the evolution of the UN's role in addressing international security problems since 1945, including global terrorism. It also outlines recent attempts by the world body, through extension of its reach beyond the territorial constraints of sovereignty, to build sustained peace through preventive measures and protect human security globally.

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Rethinking the “State Security-Human Security” Nexus in the Face of COVID-19

10.4018/978-1-7998-8674-7.ch006 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 109-123

Author(s):

Sirin Duygulu

Keyword(s):

International Security ◽

Resistance To Change ◽

Human Security ◽

The State ◽

State Security ◽

The Face

It is the argument of this chapter that the COVID-19 pandemic created a need to problematize how we understand security, especially the contrast between state security and human security. This chapter argues that the pandemic has illustrated the importance of human security as well as the need to understand it as a precondition for, and not as an alternative to, state and international security. However, the study does not argue that the increased importance of human security translates into the protection of all humans. The crude reality that security is always at someone's and something's expense sustains vulnerabilities within societies. The study acknowledges that the changes in the security implications (both material and perceived) do not necessarily or automatically translate to changes in policies. Institutional resistance to change and general political trends among other factors affect the extent to which policies will evolve in a direction that would better meet the security implications of the pandemic.

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International Security in Latin America

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1735 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Bitar ◽

Tom Long

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Latin America ◽

Central America ◽

Latin American ◽

International Security ◽

The United States ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Security Issue ◽

Security Challenges

Latin America exhibits some of the world’s most worrisome patterns of insecurity. Homicide rates have reached alarming levels in dozens of cities in Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia. Drug and other illicit trafficking generate massive income for criminal organizations. Fighting among these organizations, and between criminal groups and the state, threatens human security in zones of production and along transit routes. Refugee crises—especially an exodus of 4 million Venezuelans by 2019—could increase substantially. Receiving countries struggle to respond. Insecurity in Latin America cannot be fully understood through comparison of the domestic challenges of each country in the region. The sources of contemporary insecurity are not contained within countries, but extend to transnational criminal networks, flows of illicit goods, and human trafficking and displacement. Likewise, isolated state responses are insufficient to respond to transnational dynamics; although some coordination has been achieved, intergovernmental responses have produced limited gains and substantial unintended consequences. Thus, we consider security challenges in the region as a “security complex” that includes Latin American and Caribbean countries, but in which the United States remains significant. On the other hand, international conflict and civil war, as traditionally defined, have almost vanished from Latin America. Threats of military coups and politically motivated violence have declined after being a key security issue for decades. However, some troubling cases and trends complicate this positive trend. Venezuela’s governing civilian–military alliance eroded basic democratic institutions and produced an economic, political, and humanitarian crisis. In response, the United States has raised the specter of military intervention or coup sponsorship. Honduras and especially Nicaragua have turned to authoritarianism, accompanied by alarming levels of repression of protesters and civil society activists. U.S. policies under the Trump administration toward migrants from Central America and Mexico are creating great tension in the region and fear of reprisals. Although most border disputes have been settled a few still are unresolved or contested and could generate tensions between countries in the region. The academic literature about international security in Latin America reflects the complex dynamics described above, covers historical and contemporary security challenges in the region, and presents debates and developments on Latin American security at the international and national levels. Despite its wide scope, the existing literature presents areas where more work is needed to account for emerging trends of (in)security.

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Human security benchmarks: Governing human wellbeing at a distance

Review of International Studies ◽

10.1017/s0260210515000352 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 843-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

ALEXANDRA HOMOLAR

Keyword(s):

International Security ◽

Performance Metrics ◽

Focal Point ◽

Human Life ◽

Human Security ◽

Security Governance ◽

Human Wellbeing ◽

Individual Security ◽

Nations Development

AbstractWhen the United Nations Development Programme formally introduced the concept of human security in 1994, it was widely celebrated as a long-overdue humanist alternative to orthodox models of security. Today, human security is a buzzword for describing the complex challenges that individuals and communities face in achieving safety and wellbeing in an insecure world. This article directs attention away from the emancipatory and empowering qualities commonly ascribed to human security to explore, instead, the specific role of benchmarking within the wider human security agenda. The main focus here is on the ways in which human life has been operationalised, measured, and classified to create indicators that permit judgements about individual security and insecurity. The article argues that although a single global human security benchmark has yet to be established, the main indices used as performance metrics of human insecurity have produced a narrow understanding of what it means to live a ‘secure’ life and have reinforced the state as the main focal point of international security governance.

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COVID-19 as an International Security Threat

El Outsider ◽

10.18272/eo.v6i0.2041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Gustavo Andrés Villacreses Brito ◽

Bernarda Carrera

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

International Relations ◽

International Security ◽

International Health ◽

Human Security ◽

Security Threat ◽

Health Security ◽

Severe Effect ◽

The Cold War

After the Cold War a transition occurred in the international relations paradigm, where it was necessary to redefine which was considered as a threat to international security. As a result, human security doctrine was established which suggested that the international security agenda should focus on people and their needs, rather than states. In the globalized and interrelated world, we live nowadays, infectious diseases spread rapidly, and their consequences can be catastrophic. Hence, pandemics should be considered an international security threat. This paper aims to examine the COVID-19 pandemic as such. We discuss the development from international security towards human security, health security as a theoretical framework, the evolution of the pandemic in context of modern international security paradigm and international health security enforcement, and the securitization of the pandemic. In conclusion, based on the evidence presented, it is clear that the COVID-19 has severe effect on the international community, both in human lives and global economic, and has been securitized.

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Infectious Diseases Emerging as a Non-Traditional Security Threat for Pakistan’s National Security After 9/11

sjesr ◽

10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss1-2021(19-23) ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

Bilal Bin Liaqat ◽

Dr. Ghulam Mustafa ◽

Adnan Nawaz

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

National Security ◽

Human Security ◽

Security Threat ◽

Security Issue ◽

Health Security ◽

Security Issues ◽

Contagious Diseases ◽

Governmental Institutions

In International politics, human security is a new phenomenon, which deals with the issues of governance and human rights. In political terms, the recent transformation of attention from traditional security to Non-traditional security is a matter of distress for the international community. The linkage between national security and infectious diseases as a non-traditional security imperative is comparatively a new phenomenon in Pakistan. Infectious diseases have become a fact of life in Pakistan, which poses a serious threat to national security. In the preceding years, Pakistan has suffered from different contagious diseases like Dengue, Congo fever, Polio, and recently Coronavirus. To overcome this non-traditional security threat requires an integrated and coordinated approach from the governmental and non-governmental institutions to address the health security issues holistically. The paper examines the effects of the outbreaks of these infectious diseases in Pakistan as a non-traditional security issue that poses a serious threat to its national security.

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