Shame East and West: similarities, differences, culture, and self

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Michael Stadter ◽  
Gao Jun

Shame is an innate human affect and is also powerfully influenced by culture. This article compares and contrasts shame in China and in America. First, the physiology, development, and experience of shame are discussed. Then, a Western perspective (psychoanalytic object relations theory) is presented followed by a Chinese perspective (interdependent model). Shame in the two cultures is compared and contrasted and empirical research is also presented. The authors’ conclusions include the following: object relations theory is a useful perspective in understanding shame and the development of self in both cultures; shame is viewed more positively in China than in the US and is used more to motivate prosocial behaviour by families and authorities; Americans experience more helplessness and smallness when shamed; Chinese have more desire to repair and feel more responsible for the shameful incident; Chinese are more likely to feel vicarious shame or guilt when someone they are connected to commits a shameful act; Lewis’ American shame model effectively distinguishes shame from guilt for Americans but does not clearly differentiate the two for Chinese, while Xie’s Chinese self afflicted/other afflicted model does so. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and implications for clinical practice.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 79-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunwoo Yoon ◽  
Patrick T. Vargas

In the present research we argue that avatars, as identity containers, can mirror people’s self-concepts. Research in cultural psychology suggests that East Asians tend to be more tolerant of contradictions and that they more easily adjust their self-concepts in accordance with changing contexts compared to North Americans (see Heine 2001). We therefore assume that preferred forms of avatars among East Asians and North Americans are different because of this self-concept variability across cultures. We conducted a quasi-experiment to explore how people in the two cultures differently evaluate two forms of avatars, human-like and cartoon-like avatars, in terms of likeability and preference. We found that East Asians rated cartoon-like avatars more favourably than North Americans. Moreover, compared to North Americans, East Asians preferred cartoon-like avatars to human-like avatars for their hypothetical avatars to play games. We conclude by discussing implications for future research.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Yoon Huat Chong ◽  
Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska

Abstract Most intercultural competence models have been developed by Western experts based on Western theory and Western cultural values, and they are not culturally specific models. The lack of non-Chinese researchers to study and contribute to the construction of intercultural competence from a Chinese-perspective is a serious shortcoming, and most of the models developed by Chinese scholars are a replica of the Western models. A Chinese-perspective of intercultural competence model is indeed needed to reinterpret concepts and theories that are coined in the West, which are then widely used and generalized without any concrete-solid bases of their universality. This paper deployed empirical study methods to analyze the content of the literature to understand the construct of Chinese-perspective intercultural competence models. Eight Chinese-perspectives of intercultural competence models formulated by Chinese scholars between 1998 and 2013 have been identified, two of them are researched in English, while six others are in Chinese. As a result, there are no significant differences in the components of those eight models, as most Chinese scholars agree that cognitive ability, emotional management and communication skills are three of the major components which constitute the Chinese version of intercultural competence models. This research is timely, and is worth conducting, due to increased Chinese investments throughout the world, and the power and influence of China as the world’s largest economy. The results could be used as a guiding operational scheme to prepare business partners from both sides for successful cooperation. However, one should recommend, in future research, that there be a comparison of Chinese-perspective models with Western-perspective models in order to delve deeper into the construct of the models to examine the degree to which the Chinese and Western-perspective of intercultural competence are complementary and compatible with each other.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Celia Romm Livermore ◽  
Pierluigi Rippa

A review of the literature on the role of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) reveals the importance of the political aspect of this role. Building on the Political Strategies Framework (Romm & Rippa, 2010), this study investigates the utilization of political strategies across two cultures, the US and India. The findings show crucial differences between CIO’s political behavior in the two cultures that are in line with the Hofstede (1980) culture model. The paper concludes with a discussion of the differences between CIO political behavior in the two cultures and how the Hofstde cultural dimensions can explain these differences.


2019 ◽  
pp. 205789111988781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq H Malik

China and Russia have transitioned from centralised economies to mixed markets, they have developed institutions and economic sectors and they joined hands in the strategic partnership in economic and political paths through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Most writers compare or contrast their political and economic powers and preferences vis-a-vis Western cultures and countries; none assess the cultural and contextual styles between the two partners. We build on this question to assess whether and how the two neighbours differ in negotiation style rather than how their institutions shape their behaviour. Based on the behavioural negotiation framework proposed in the early 1990s, we gathered evidence through two surveys: one in Russia and the other in China. We received 988 responses from China and 708 responses from Russia, which we analysed in correlational statistics. The statistical analysis shows negative correlations for four styles of negotiation and positive correlations for six styles of negotiation. We interpreted the negative correlation as divergence between the two cultures and positive correlation as convergence between the two cultures on those styles. The magnitude of the correlation further supports the competing positions of the two cultures on the semantic spectrums. We offer theoretical and policy suggestions at the end of the article. In concluding remarks, we draw attention to multiple gaps which can be filled in future research.


Author(s):  
Celia Romm Livermore

Following a literature review that sets this research in context, case study data from two companies, one in the United States and one in Israel, are presented. Data are used to compare the implementation process of SAP Enterprise Planning Systems (ERPs) in the two cultures. The unique patterns of the implementation process that emerge from the two case studies are discussed as examples of the decision-making patterns typical of the two cultures. When relevant, areas where the findings did not agree with the theory are highlighted. The conclusions section explores the implications from this research to broader issues of ERP implementation across cultures, including the implementation of ERP systems within the higher education sector, and possible directions for future research emanating from this study.


2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Heidi Kosonen

Elokuvissa ja erityisesti angloamerikkalaisissa elokuvissa kuvataan itsemurhaa usein. Niiden representaatiot heijastelevat kulttuurisia käsityksiä itsemurhasta, mutta myös itsenäisesti vaikuttavat käsitysten syntymiseen. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen Ari Asterin folk-kauhugenreä edustavaa elokuvaa Midsommar – loputon yö (2019). Elokuvassa sisarensa tekemää murha-itsemurhaa sureva Dani matkustaa Yhdysvalloista Ruotsiin fiktiiviseen Hårga-kommuuniin poikaystävänsä ja tämän ystävien kanssa. Hårgalainen juhannusrituaali paljastaa eroja amerikkalaisen ja hårgalaisen kulttuurin välillä muun muassa kuolemasuhteeseen, tunteiden ilmaisuun ja perheeseen liittyen.Keskityn artikkelissa yhtäältä itsemurhaan tai omaehtoiseen kuolemaan tabuluonteisena kuolemana, johon liittyvää samanaikaisen näkymättömyyden ja hypernäkyvyyden dynamiikkaa elokuva mielenkiintoisella tavalla käsittelee. Midsommarin tarinankaaressa itsemurha näyttäytyy vaiettuna traumana ja oikeuttamattomana surun lähteenä, jonka käsittelyä Danin lähipiiri ei tue. Samalla elokuva heijastelee itsemurhan välineellistymistä ja pornoistumista angloamerikkalaisessa viihteessä.Toisaalta keskityn omaehtoisen kuoleman määrittelyn kysymyksiin tarkastelemalla elokuvan esittämää kulttuurista törmäyspistettä, jossa vastakkain asettuvat kahdenlaisten selitysmallien alle asettuvat itsemurhat. Näitä kuolemia voidaan määritellä egoistiseksi ja altruistiseksi viitaten durkheimilaiseen typologiaan, jossa itsemurha esiintyy aina suhteessa yhteiskuntaan. Toisaalta Midsommarin tarinamaailmassa itsemurhat redusoituvat ”diagnostisiksi” ja ”kultistisiksi” marginalisoiduiksi kuolemiksi ja siten heijastelevat normatiivisen biovallan selitysmallien valtaa itsemurhan määrittelyn kysymyksiin.Avainsanat: tabu, kuolema, itsemurha, folk-kauhu, biovaltaRitual Death and Family Tragedy: On Suicide’s Definition and Taboo in Folk Horror Film MidsommarFilms, especially Anglo-American ones, frequently depict suicide. Their representations reflect cultural understandings of suicide, but also independently influence how self-willed death is perceived. In this article I study how suicide is depicted in Ari Aster’s folk horror film Midsommar (2019). In the film, the protagonist Dani, who is mourning her sister’s murder-suicide, travels from the US to a Swedish commune, Hårga, with her boyfriend and his friends. The Hårgan midsummer ritual reveals differences in the two cultures’ relationships to death, emotional expression, and family.One the one hand, I focus on the way the film reflects suicide’s nature as a taboo, as something simultaneously hidden and hypervisible. In the diegesis, suicide appears as a silenced trauma, as a source of disenfranchised grief, and as a death the protagonist is not allowed to mourn. Simultaneously the film reflects suicide’s instrumentalization and pornification in Anglo-American entertainment.On the other hand, I focus on questions related to the definition of suicide or self-willed death. The film depicts conflicts between two cultures, where different explanation models of self-willed death are juxtaposed with one another. On display are two types of suicides that can be referred to as “egoistic” and “altruistic” by reference to Durkheim’s typology, which takes into account suicide’s relationship to society. Yet in Midsommar’s diegesis, these deaths appear as psychologized and culturally marginalized “diagnostic” and “cultist” suicides, and thus reflect the power of normative biopower over how self-willed death is understood and made sense of in the west.Keywords: taboo, death, suicide, folk-horror, biopower


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Illene Noppe Cupit ◽  
Paolo Sapelli ◽  
Ines Testoni

As an innovative way to express grief, social media posts about the deceased have become fairly common. However, few studies have examined commonly posted grief photos. The purpose of the present study was to examine such pictures, as well as the motivations and reactions of those who posted them, among Italians and Americans. Surveys were sent to both Italian and US participants. The US group yielded 262 responses (mean age = 22 years; 81% female), and the Italian group yielded 51 (mean age = 32 years; 82% female). Several key issues emerged, such as the need for social media users to receive empathic support from other users, the desire to maintain continuing bonds, the wish to remember the deceased, and the desire to share beauty and symbolic pictures. The images were analyzed using content analysis. Both samples posted photos to remember, and to enhance their posts. A strong preference for pictures with a positive emotional connotation appeared, depicting the deceased in a conjoint appearance with the participant. The results suggest that the imagery used for the expression of grief in social media sites, an “iconography of grief”, is a popular means of expression for grievers across the two cultures.


1955 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-367
Author(s):  
Dan L. Adler

Author(s):  
Graham S. Clarke

In what follows I will develop an account of Fairbairn's object relations theory as I have understood and developed it, and, apply that theory to an understanding of the threeact opera King Roger, Op. 26 (1926) by Karol Szymanowski. My Fairbairnian approaches to the opera come from my previous work on Fairbairn's object relations theory. In order to fully understand the first of the approaches I employ you may need to read my book Personal Relations Theory (Clarke, 2006), in particular chapters one, five, and six. In order to fully understand the second of the approaches I am using you need to read Thinking Through Fairbairn (Clarke, 2018a), in particular chapters two, three, and four, as well as my paper in the journal Attachment (Clarke, 2018b) on MPD/DID and Fernando Pessoa's heteronyms.


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