scholarly journals Age structure of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) forests in the Left- Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Author(s):  
V. L. Meshkova ◽  
V. L. Borysova

The age structure of European ash stands in the forest fund of ten forest enterprises from Sumy, Kharkiv and Poltava regions was analyzed considering forest site conditions, stand origin, site index and ash proportion in the forest composition. The average age of ash stands is 68 years for the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. On average from 46.1 % to 81.6% of European ash stands survive up to the V age class. The average age of ash stands is the highest in the forest-steppe part of Sumy Region in D2 and D3, in Kharkiv Region in D1, and in Poltava Region in C2 and C3. The average age is the highest (75 years) in artificial seed stands in Kharkiv Region, in natural seed (86 years) and vegetative (77 years) origin in Sumy Region. The survival of pure and almost pure ash stands is the highest in Kharkiv Region and the lowest in Poltava Region. In the legislatively adopted maturity age (VIII age class) survival of European ash with its proportion of 80–100 % is 26.5 %, 13.1 % and 3.2 % in Kharkiv, Sumy and Poltava Regions respectively. Correction of the main felling age in forests that are possible for exploitation is suggested considering the possible loss of timber quality as a result of forest damage by different causes.

Author(s):  
V. L. Meshkova ◽  
V. L. Borysova

The incidence of ash dieback in the forest-steppe part of Sumy and Kharkiv Regions was analysed taking into account the type of forest site conditions, the stand age, relative stocking density, site index class and the proportion of European ash in the stand composition. Ash dieback is quite widespread in inspected stands of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Sumy and Kharkiv Regions. The disease spreads similarly in natural and artificial stands. It was more often revealed in the fresh fertile forest site conditions, however, such forest site conditions are the most spread and the most favourable for European ash. It was found that ash dieback incidence tends to grow with a stand aging and lasts up to the stand’s age of 80. It can be explained by the development of stem and collar rots which occur later. Ash dieback incidence is the highest in the stands with 40–70 % of ash in their composition, at a relative density of stocking over 0.5 in the stands of different site index classes.


Author(s):  
V. L. MESHKOVA ◽  
Ya. V. KOSHELYAEVA

The aim of this work was to define the features of the age structure of the silver birch stands in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe considering forest site conditions, origin, site index and proportion of this species in the forest composition. Survival of silver birch in almost all age classes was the lowest in the relatively poor forest site conditions. The mean weighted age classes of silver birch are IV.8 in vegetative stands and IV.6 – in artificial seed stands. For all origins, the mean weighted age classes are V.1 for Sumy Region and IV.6 – for Kharkiv and Poltava Regions. The stands of the lower productivity have the least longevity. Survival of pure and almost pure stands (silver birch make 90 % of all the trees) is the lowest. At that, it is the highest in Sumy Region.


Author(s):  
V. P. Tkach ◽  
O. V. Kobets ◽  
M. G. Rumiantsev

The forest site capacity using was quantitatively assessed for the stands of the main forest-forming species of Ukraine, Scots pine and common oak, taking into account natural zones and forest types. The tables of productivity of modal and highly productive pine and oak stands have been developed. It has been found that the stands use an average of 50–75 % of the forest site capacity of lands. The average weighted value of the capacity used by pine forests was 68–76 % in the Polissya zone, 70–78 % and 68–73 % in the Right-bank and Left-bank Forest-Steppe zones respectively, and 54–78 % in the Steppe zone. For oak stands, the value was 71–75 % and 63–71 % for the Right-bank and Left-bank Forest-Steppe zones respectively and 65–75 % for the Steppe zone. The basis for increasing the productivity of forests was confirmed to be the differentiation of forest management systems and individual forestry activities on a zonal and typological basis.


Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова ◽  
В.Л. Борисова

Цель исследования – оценка состояния ясеневых насаждений в условиях свежего груда (D2 по классификации Алексеева–Погребняка) – наиболее распространенного типа лесорастительных условий в лесостепной части Харьковской области. На 2-х постоянных пробных площадях (ПП) оценивали дефолиацию крон деревьев ясеня в конце июня и категорию санитарного состояния этих деревьев в конце июля или в августе. Индекс санитарного состояния насаждений определяли по коли­честву деревьев, по доле площади поперечного сечения стволов и по доле объема стволов, представленных в каждой категории санитарного состояния. Все показатели рассчитывали по всем деревьям (II–VI) и по жизнеспособным деревьям I–IV категорий санитарного состояния (II–IV). Дефолиация крон ясеня составила в среднем 35 ± 3%, на отдельных ПП – от 13,2 до 61,5%, а на индивидуальных деревьях – от 5 до 75%. Индекс санитарного состояния насаждений достоверно коррелирует с дефолиацией. Более высокий уровень дефолиации деревьев с большими диаметром и высотой подтвержден дисперсионным анализом. Связь дефолиации крон и индексов санитарного состояния ясеня с его участием в составе насаждений не подтверждена статистически. Обследованные насаждения ясеня обыкновенного относятся к кате­гории ослабленных или сильно ослабленных, а насаждения на ПП-3 и ПП-4 – к категории усыхающих. На ПП-9, ПП-19 и ПП-22 относительный диаметр деревьев IV категории санитарного состояния значительно превышал единицу (1,56, 1,36 и 1,33 соответственно), а индекс санитарного состояния насаждений, вычислен­ный по доле площади поперечного сечения стволов, был выше, чем вычисленный по количеству деревьев. Это свидетельствует о том, что в данных насаждениях развиваются патологические процессы, причем с недавнего времени, что подтверждает низкая встречаемость сухостоя. The goal of the research was an evaluation of ash stands health condition in fresh grud (fresh fertile forest site conditions D2) (by the Alekseyev-Pogrebnyak classification), which is the most widespread forest site condition in the forest-steppe part of Kharkiv Region of Ukraine. Defoliation of European ash was assessed at the end of June, and a category of health condition was assessed in late July or August at 22 permanent sample plots (SP). Health condition index of the stands was calculated by the number of trees, by proportion of cross-sectional area and by proportion of stem volume in each category of health condition. All these indices of forest health condition were calculated separately for all trees (II–VI) and for viable trees of the categories I–IV of health condition (II–IV). Average defoliation of European ash was 35 ± 3%, in certain permanent sample plots it varied from 13.2 to 61.5%, and for individual trees varied from 5 to 75%. Health condition index significantly correlates with defoliation. The higher defoliation of trees with greater diameter and height is proved by analysis of variances. Correlation of defoliation with the proportion of ash in the stand composition and with stand age was not proved statistically. Inspected ash stands were classified as the category «weakened» or «severely weakened», and the stands in the sample plots SP-3 and SP-4 were classified as the category «drying (dying)». Relative diameter of trees of the category IV of health condition in SP-9, SP-19, and SP-22 considerably exceeded 1 (1.56, 1.36 and 1.33, respectively). Health condition index, calculated by cross-sectional area, exceeded the index, calculated by tree number. It shows that pathological processes began to develop recently in these stands, which is supported by low occurrence of dead trees.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
O. B. Bondar ◽  
L. I. Tkach ◽  
I. S. Lisina ◽  
M. S. Kolienkina ◽  
S. I. Musiyenko

<p>Here the sylvicultural and ecological analysis of typological structure of plantings silver and black poplar are presented for the riverine habitats of the Psel, Sula and Vorskla (the middle reaches of Seversky Donets river). Our analysis was based on forestry management electronic databases of Ukrainian National Forest Project Enterprise.</p><p>More than 38 forest types on the area of 4.9 thousand hectares were examined. The biological features of silver and black poplar were described briefly. The silver and black poplar reproduction pattern of the Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine was also examined. There was carried out the area allocation of tree species according the following points: forest type and origin, forest site quality, closure degree and age groups. By the tree stratum origin silver and black poplar are mostly artificially propagated, what is equivalent to 77.3 and 88.3 percent.</p><p>The silver and black poplar area around the rivers’ watershed of the Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine occupies 2813 and 2173 ha consequently.</p><p>Among forest types on research subject there are some forest types which dominate:  fresh quercetum fluvialis (25.0 %), wet quercetum fluvialis (17.4 %), wet quercetum-birchbark-maple fluvialis (16.3 %), wet lime tree-oak-pine tree sudubrava (11.4 %), fresh lime tree, oak, pine tree sudubrava (5.2 %), the rest of tree types represents less than 4.0 % of the total land area, covered with sylva. The silver and black poplar plantings’ distribution according to the site quality of forest on the rivers’ columbine of the Left-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine can be described in the following way: II and IV classes of the site quality of forest prevail, and the medium stocked tree stratum fluctuates from 52.9 to 87.8 per cent according to the normality.</p>


Author(s):  
M. M. Didenko ◽  
O. K. Polyakov

In 2010–2016 in 60 sample plots the peculiarities of forming, age and size structure of English oak natural regeneration under forest canopy was studied. It was found that undergrowth density was the highest in the fresh maple and lime oak stand (on average 3.4 thousand plants per ha), significantly increased with the age of the parent stand and decreased with the age of the renewal itself. In the age structure of English oak natural regeneration under a forest canopy, the current year plants predominated (46.1 %); the part of 2–3-year renewal was 29.8 %, the part of 4–8-year-old renewal was 22.7 %, the part of 9–15-year-old renewal was 1.4 %. As the relative density of parent stand stocking increased, the density of oak seedlings increased, the density of current year oaks increased but the density of 4–8-year-old renewal decreased as a result of insufficient illumination or competition with other plants. In the combined sample without age distribution of English oak natural renewal, the success of regeneration was good in 3,3 % of inspected plots, insufficient in 4.9 %, satisfactory in 8.2 %, unsatisfactory in 83,6 % of studied plots.


2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
N. O. Vlasenko

Carrying out its assignment Poltava-city green belt bottomland forests with short-term flooding, has significant anthropogenic impact, needs constant research of forest biogeocoenosis present day condition. There have been done the complex research of bottomland forests with short-term flooding which are located in the range of Poltava-city green belt. Forest types according to O. L. Belgard have been noted. Soil and geobotanical characteristics, soil sections macromorphological peculiarities have been given, results of soil water extracts analysis in the investigated forestry have been noted. Throuout the complex researches of all components of forest biogeocoenosis the learning of forest and environment coorelation that is due to anthropogenic effect is topical. Especially it concerns the big cities green belt of industrial regions that suffer from the human direct influence or indirect consequences of his living. Thereby the National special-purpose program «Forests of Ukraine» for 2010–2015 was approved the aim of which is a complex study of this category of forest-steppe zone forest biogeocoenosis. For this reason was made an accent to investigate all-round the Poltava-city green belt forests related to Poltava Region throuout the regional special-purpose program of forestry integrated development «Poltava region forests by 2015». To identify the soil and geobotanical characteristics of biogeocenosis and physical and chemical piculiarities of bottomland forests with short-term flooding adaphotop we will consider the most typical sample plots of different plantations according to its forest stand that grows in relatively identical conditions. Forest areas of Poltava-city green belt belongs to the eastern soil and climatic forest-steppe zone of Poltava Region and is situated in forest-stepp belt of Left bank of Dnipro inside the Dnipro and Donetsk dimple. The most common soils are deep, low humic chernozem and middle clay-loam soil. There are mulch and sandy, agrilloarenaceous soils in river valleys. The picture of exploration area ground structure looks in such a way. The most common ground species of the area is a loess-like clay loam. There are sands observed near the river bed of Vorskla and clay on steep slopes. Soddy-meadow and chernozem-meadow, sandy loam and clay loam soils are involved in the bottomland forests formation. Typical chernozem occupies significant territories, which is formed by herbaceous grouping of mesoxerophytes, euxerophytes and xeromesophytes. Floodplain soils are divided into three parts: riverine, central and terrace near flood plain. In the riverine part is formed the most light mechanical components of interbedding soils formed on new derived silt from slightly humic layers. There are a low percent of humus (not more than 1 %) and nutritional chemicals. Thereby their fertility is low. In the central part of floodplain had been formed the sandy loam and clay loam soils with stronger profile on the massive, often calcareous or carbonaceous parent rock material. In cases of flood the water is widely overflowed and stay for a long time rich in sludge particles. It is the richest soils of the floodplain. The done research gave us the opportunity to clear up that the bottomland forests with short-term flooding of Poltava-city green belt are consist mainly of oak, aspen and alder forests. The formation and distribution of the main associations of floodplain forests depend on the regime of floodplain, trophotop and relief inhomogenuity. It was noticed that it can be found three more typical natural forest vegetations related to bottomland forests with short-term flooding inside the Poltava-city green belt: Dc' 3 (moist linden oak forest with hairlike sedge), Dn / 4 (alder forest with muddy tall herbaceous vegetation), Dc / 2 (live aspen forest with). It was noticed, that in all investigated plant formations the forest site type is sandy loam with different variations: live (SP / 2), moist (SP / 3), muddy (SP / 4). Different variations of soil has been investigated. There is no carbonate in soils of the investigated biogeocenosis. Water extract analysis tell about the lack of salinity properties, dry particles ranges (0,05–0,2 %), pH is alkaline. Detailed soil and geobotanical characteristics and establishing peculiarities of bottomland forests with short-term flooding adaphotop will give opportunity to reconstruct the existing Poltava-city green belt plantations and organize the stationary investigations with the aim of their more rational employment and saving.


Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова ◽  
Я.В. Кошеляева

Цель исследования – выявить особенности двухлетней динамики показателей санитарного состояния березы повислой (Betula pendula Roth) в различных типах лесорастительных условий Левобережной лесостепи Украины. Проанализированы данные о санитарном состоянии березы повислой, полученные в 2015–2016 гг. на девяти пробных площадях. Три из них представляют свежую суборь (В2), три – свежий сугрудок (С2) и три – свежий груд (D2) (по классификации Алексеева–Погребняка) – наиболее представленные в регионе типы лесорастительных условий. Все насаждения имеют искусст­венное семенное происхождение и примерно одинаковый возраст (40–45 лет), что соответствует наибольшему представительству в лесном фонде Левобережной лесостепи. Категорию санитарного состояния каждого дерева березы на пробных площадях оценивали в соответствии с Санитарными правилами в лесах Украины. Индекс санитарного состояния насаждений определяли по количеству деревьев и по доле площади поперечного сечения стволов, представленных в каждой категории санитарного состояния. Индекс санитарного состояния отдельно рассчитывали для всех деревьев (II–VI) и для жизнеспособных деревьев I–IV категорий санитарного состояния (II–IV). Значения индексов санитарного состояния анализируемых насаж­дений, вычисленных с учетом как распределения деревьев, так и их площади поперечного сечения (1,7–2,5), позволяют считать эти березняки ослабленными. Отмечена тенденция ухудшения состояния березы в 2016 г., по сравнению с 2015 г., а также в ряду свежие субори (В2) – свежие сугрудки (С2) – свежие груды (D2). Среднее санитарное состояние ухудшалось преимущественно из-за плохого состояния деревья с меньшим диаметром, т. е. патологические процессы не были выражены в насаждениях в целом. В обследованных насаждениях зафиксированы такие признаки ослабления, как усыхание вершин, наличие водяных побегов, заселение стволовыми насекомыми (входные отверстия, ходы), потеки на стволах. В 2016 г., по сравнению с 2015 г., возросла доля деревьев с признаками бактериальной водянки. The goal of research was to reveal the peculiarities of two-year dynamics of health condition indices for silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in different types of forest site conditions of the Left-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Presented data on silver birch health condition were obtained from 9 permanent sample plots in 2015–2016. Three plots were located in a fresh subor (fresh relatively poor forest site conditions В2), other three plots in a fresh sugrud (fresh relatively fertile forest site conditions C2), and three more plots in a fresh grud (fresh fertile forest site conditions D2) (by Alekseyev–Pogrebnyak classification). These forest site conditions are the most represented in the region. All studied stands were  of artificial seed origin and are about the same age (40–45 years old), which reflects the largest representation in the forests of the Left-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Categories of health condition were assessed for each birch tree in the sample plots according to the «Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine». Index of forest health condition was evaluated by a number of trees and by the part of cross-sectional area of birch stems in each category of health condition. Index of forest health condition was calculated separately for all trees (II–VI) and for viable trees of the I–IV categories of health condition (II–IV). All evaluated indices of health condition (1.7–2.5) allow to suggest these birch stands weakened. There is a trend of worsening birch condition in 2016 comparing to 2015 as well as in the series «fresh relatively poor forest site conditions (В2) – fresh relatively fertile forest site conditions (С2) – fresh fertile forest site conditions (D2)». Worsening of health condition was registered mainly in trees with smaller diameter, thus pathological processes were not extensive in the stands as whole. Dieback, epicornic shoots, stem insects' entrance holes and galleries, and sap flux on stems were registered as the signs of stands weakening. In 2016 in comparison to 2015, the performance of wetwood has increased.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
O. Demydenko ◽  
V. Velychko

The contemporary condition of soil cover in Ukraine is characterized. The attention is focused onto widespread degradation processes in soils. The causes that determine the development of these negative processes are considered. The contemporary informational support for the condition of soil cover in Ukraine is estimated. In general, the current available information is of narrow-departmental nature, obtained by different methods and non-correlated monitoring programs. As a rule, it is stored in under-structured databases, incompatible with other information systems; mainly recorded on paper media unusable with modern technologies, whereby such information resources are diffi cult to be compiled together. These disadvantages are strong constraints against consistent usage of materials for evaluation, forecast and management of changes in the soil cover. The Soil Observation program should thereby be combined with Agrochemical Passportization and ecology-ameliora- tive monitoring; in other words, the application of innovative soil-agrochemical methodology is considered. Each individual type of surveys shall complement the others, and taken altogether, they shall constitute a con- sistent Information System, capable of solving the problems of assessing the condition, forecasting, manage- ment, usage and protection of soil resources. The monitoring procedures should be conducted on the basis of a new soil concept in line with unifi ed programs and methods, so as to meet European approaches to the maxi- mum extent. Such a technical composition enables getting information on present-day processes in soils, and is the only combination that actually helps us to “ecologize” our knowledge of soils, which is the leading trend in the scope of global soil-science. Thus obtained results will serve as a State-owned tool which would subse- quently facilitate the use and protection of soil resources all over the country, to be involved in a united global soil-information scope. The attention is focused onto social signifi cance of the information on soils and their fertility in terms of land resources optimization, as well as the formation of sustainable land use in Ukraine. Aim. To demonstrate the long-term effect of different ways of tillage of typical low-humus chernozem on the change in humus content and composition and the direction of transformation processes of organic fertili- zers. To study the changes in the structure of energy reserves in group and fractional composition of humus in typical low-humus light-loamy chernozem of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, microbiological, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was determined that in conditions of long-term subsurface tillage the most effi cient humus accumulation occurs in the 0–20 cm layer of chernozem with simultaneous increase in its content in the lower part of the processed layer without any accumulation differentiation. Surface tillage leads to expressed differentiation in humus accumulation in the 0–20 cm layer of soil (0.005 % per year). When 6 t/ha of humus are replaced by 7 t/ha of by-products the intensity of humus accumulation is decreasing regardless of the way of tillage, but humus accumulation was found to be the most effi cient for subsurface tillage. The application of subsurface tillage leads to the increase in the ratio of C HA : C FA , which is conditioned by the increase in the humifi cation of plant remains of by-products in the 0−20 cm layer of soil by 110–112 % – for subsurface tillage, and by 105 % – for surface tillage. Conclusions. It was established that systematic subsurface tillage of typical chernozem of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine leads to the structuring both of the total reserves of energy С org , and its quality content, aimed at the increase in the intensity of the processes of humifi cation and accumulation of organic carbon, and the decrease in miner- alization. The ratio of energy reserves С org of humic acids to fulvic acids in the 0−30 cm layer of chernozem is 1.85−1.87 regardless of the way of tillage, which testifi es to the repeatability of humus accumulation, but the total reserves of energy С org was higher for subsurface tillage (+ 31 Teracalorie/ha) compared to deep plough- ing. As for the surface tillage, the energy enrichment was at the level of deep ploughing.


2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bulygin ◽  
S. Vitvits'kyj ◽  
D. Timchenko ◽  
V. Didenko
Keyword(s):  

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