Health condition of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in different forest site conditions of the Left-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine   

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова ◽  
Я.В. Кошеляева
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Birch Tree

Цель исследования – выявить особенности двухлетней динамики показателей санитарного состояния березы повислой (Betula pendula Roth) в различных типах лесорастительных условий Левобережной лесостепи Украины. Проанализированы данные о санитарном состоянии березы повислой, полученные в 2015–2016 гг. на девяти пробных площадях. Три из них представляют свежую суборь (В2), три – свежий сугрудок (С2) и три – свежий груд (D2) (по классификации Алексеева–Погребняка) – наиболее представленные в регионе типы лесорастительных условий. Все насаждения имеют искусст­венное семенное происхождение и примерно одинаковый возраст (40–45 лет), что соответствует наибольшему представительству в лесном фонде Левобережной лесостепи. Категорию санитарного состояния каждого дерева березы на пробных площадях оценивали в соответствии с Санитарными правилами в лесах Украины. Индекс санитарного состояния насаждений определяли по количеству деревьев и по доле площади поперечного сечения стволов, представленных в каждой категории санитарного состояния. Индекс санитарного состояния отдельно рассчитывали для всех деревьев (II–VI) и для жизнеспособных деревьев I–IV категорий санитарного состояния (II–IV). Значения индексов санитарного состояния анализируемых насаж­дений, вычисленных с учетом как распределения деревьев, так и их площади поперечного сечения (1,7–2,5), позволяют считать эти березняки ослабленными. Отмечена тенденция ухудшения состояния березы в 2016 г., по сравнению с 2015 г., а также в ряду свежие субори (В2) – свежие сугрудки (С2) – свежие груды (D2). Среднее санитарное состояние ухудшалось преимущественно из-за плохого состояния деревья с меньшим диаметром, т. е. патологические процессы не были выражены в насаждениях в целом. В обследованных насаждениях зафиксированы такие признаки ослабления, как усыхание вершин, наличие водяных побегов, заселение стволовыми насекомыми (входные отверстия, ходы), потеки на стволах. В 2016 г., по сравнению с 2015 г., возросла доля деревьев с признаками бактериальной водянки. The goal of research was to reveal the peculiarities of two-year dynamics of health condition indices for silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in different types of forest site conditions of the Left-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Presented data on silver birch health condition were obtained from 9 permanent sample plots in 2015–2016. Three plots were located in a fresh subor (fresh relatively poor forest site conditions В2), other three plots in a fresh sugrud (fresh relatively fertile forest site conditions C2), and three more plots in a fresh grud (fresh fertile forest site conditions D2) (by Alekseyev–Pogrebnyak classification). These forest site conditions are the most represented in the region. All studied stands were  of artificial seed origin and are about the same age (40–45 years old), which reflects the largest representation in the forests of the Left-bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Categories of health condition were assessed for each birch tree in the sample plots according to the «Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine». Index of forest health condition was evaluated by a number of trees and by the part of cross-sectional area of birch stems in each category of health condition. Index of forest health condition was calculated separately for all trees (II–VI) and for viable trees of the I–IV categories of health condition (II–IV). All evaluated indices of health condition (1.7–2.5) allow to suggest these birch stands weakened. There is a trend of worsening birch condition in 2016 comparing to 2015 as well as in the series «fresh relatively poor forest site conditions (В2) – fresh relatively fertile forest site conditions (С2) – fresh fertile forest site conditions (D2)». Worsening of health condition was registered mainly in trees with smaller diameter, thus pathological processes were not extensive in the stands as whole. Dieback, epicornic shoots, stem insects' entrance holes and galleries, and sap flux on stems were registered as the signs of stands weakening. In 2016 in comparison to 2015, the performance of wetwood has increased.

scholarly journals Age structure of the birch stands in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
V. L. MESHKOVA ◽  
Ya. V. KOSHELYAEVA
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this work was to define the features of the age structure of the silver birch stands in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe considering forest site conditions, origin, site index and proportion of this species in the forest composition. Survival of silver birch in almost all age classes was the lowest in the relatively poor forest site conditions. The mean weighted age classes of silver birch are IV.8 in vegetative stands and IV.6 – in artificial seed stands. For all origins, the mean weighted age classes are V.1 for Sumy Region and IV.6 – for Kharkiv and Poltava Regions. The stands of the lower productivity have the least longevity. Survival of pure and almost pure stands (silver birch make 90 % of all the trees) is the lowest. At that, it is the highest in Sumy Region.

scholarly journals Towards Silviculture Guidelines to Produce Large-Sized Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Logs in Western Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Héloïse Dubois ◽  
Hugues Claessens ◽  
Gauthier Ligot
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Northeastern France

Forest health problems arising from climate change, pests and pathogens are a threat to the main timber tree species. As a result, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) has become a precious asset for meeting oncoming forestry challenges in western Europe. However, silviculture guidelines to produce high-value birch logs in this region are lacking. Producing large-sized birch trunks requires crown release, i.e., removing crown competitors around selected target trees. These interventions are currently seldom carried out or else too late when the growth potential of the trees has already diminished. This study set out to ascertain the diameter at breast height (dbh) that could be reached by crown-released birch, determine dbh-associated crown diameters, and further characterize the gain obtained from early crown release on birch dbh growth. We measured 704 birch trees that had undergone crown release in 38 naturally regenerated pure birch stands in southern Belgium and in northeastern France. We then evaluated the variation in stem and crown diameter, and analyzed increments in response to the earliness of the interventions in three subsamples, also compared with control target birch. We found that trees with a dbh of 50 cm could be grown within 60 years. Based on crown diameter, to produce 40, 50 and 60 cm dbh trunk, the distance required between target birch trees at the end of the rotation was around 8, 10 and 12 m. With no intervention and in ordinary dense birch regenerations, the dbh increment was found to decline once the stand reached age 4–7 years. Starting crown release in stands aged 4–5 years can double the dbh increment of target trees and provide a continual gain that may last up to 20 years. When birch crowns are released after 9–12 years, it may already be too late for them to recover their best growth rate. Our contribution should help complete emerging guidelines in support of birch silviculture development.

scholarly journals Incidence of ash dieback in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe depending on stand characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
V. L. Meshkova ◽  
V. L. Borysova
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Ash Dieback ◽  
European Ash ◽  
Stand Characteristics

The incidence of ash dieback in the forest-steppe part of Sumy and Kharkiv Regions was analysed taking into account the type of forest site conditions, the stand age, relative stocking density, site index class and the proportion of European ash in the stand composition. Ash dieback is quite widespread in inspected stands of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Sumy and Kharkiv Regions. The disease spreads similarly in natural and artificial stands. It was more often revealed in the fresh fertile forest site conditions, however, such forest site conditions are the most spread and the most favourable for European ash. It was found that ash dieback incidence tends to grow with a stand aging and lasts up to the stand’s age of 80. It can be explained by the development of stem and collar rots which occur later. Ash dieback incidence is the highest in the stands with 40–70 % of ash in their composition, at a relative density of stocking over 0.5 in the stands of different site index classes.

scholarly journals Health condition parameters for deciduous trees in the forest stands of Trostyanetske Forest Enterprise

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
Valentyna Meshkova ◽  
Tetiana Pyvovar ◽  
Oleksandr Tovstukha
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Epicormic Shoots ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Tree Defoliation

The aim of research was to evaluate the variability and relations with forest health condition its main parameters (defoliation, dieback and epicormic shoots occurrence) in seven tree species: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.), and white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall). Research was carried out in 2018 in Trostyanetske Forest Enterprise (Left-bank Forest Steppe; Sumy region). Diameter (DBH), Kraft class, and category of health condition were assessed for each tree. Defoliation, dieback and epicormic shoots occurrence were evaluated as proportion of trees with respective symptoms. Severity of each parameter of tree health condition was estimated using respective scores. No tree species is defoliated over 50%. A birch is characterized by the lowest health condition index (1.6) for living trees, dieback (10%), epicormic shoots occurrence (15.9%) and recently died trees proportion (0.7%), but high proportion of trees died over year ago (10.7%). An oak is characterized by the highest health condition index (2.1), proportion of trees with dieback (45.4%) and epicormic shoots (21.7%). Proportion of trees with dieback is 21.5 to 25% for alder, lime and maple, a bit higher for elm and ash (30.9 and 31.3% respectively). DBH, Kraft class, and health condition index significantly correlate with health condition parameters of analyzed tree species, but the most of correlations are very slight and slight. Correlation between health condition index and defoliation score is significant, positive and high for all tree species (from 0.78 for alder to 0.9 for birch). Correlation between health condition index and dieback score is positive and significant for all tree species, is slight for ash, birch, lime, and alder, and moderate for maple, oak and elm. Correlation between health condition index and epicormic shoots occurrence is significant and positive for all tree species except birch, but is very slight in all cases except elm, where it is slight.

scholarly journals Harmfulness of xylophagous insects for silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in the left-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Yuriy Skrylnik ◽  
Yana Koshelyaeva ◽  
Valentyna Meshkova
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Xylophagous Insects ◽  
Xylotrechus Rusticus ◽  
Negative Factors

Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the rate of the damage of xylophagous insects for silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands in the Left Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Evaluation of physiological harmfulness considered a health condition of inhabited trees, features of maturating feeding and pathogens vectoring for the cases of so-called ‘provoked aggressiveness’ and its absence. Evaluation of technical harmfulness considered a location and depth of larval galleries and pupal chambers, colonized sapwood surface, and stem part. Evaluation of general harmfulness considered physiological harmfulness, technical harmfulness and generation number. Among 22 xylophagous insect species, 4 species were widespread (Agrilus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), Xylotrechus rusticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg, 1837), and Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford, 1894)); 3 species were common, 6 species were rare and 9 species were single. The highest physiological harmfulness is expected for Tremex fuscicornis (Fabricius, 1787) and Tremex magus (Fabricius, 1787), Сhrysobothris affinis (Fabricius, 1774), Agrilus viridis (Linnaeus, 1758), Xylotrechus rusticus, and bark beetles. The highest technical harmfulness is expected for wood wasps – Tremex spp., jewel beetles Dicerca furcata (Thunberg, 1787) and Dicerca alni (Fischer von Waldheim, 1824), longhorn beetle Xylotrechus rusticus, and xylomycetophages – Xyleborinus sp. All widespread species are evaluated by a wide range of physiological harmfulness. Three of them (all except Agrilus viridis) are evaluated by highly technical harmfulness and from moderate to highly general harmfulness. Among the species having a common occurrence, Tremex fuscicornis can be highly harmful only in the case of tree weakening by negative factors, another two species can be non-harmful, and Xiphydria longicollis (Geoffroy, 1785) can be low harmful in the case of tree weakening by negative factors. Among the rare species, Scolytus ratzeburgi Janson, 1856 can be low or moderately harmful and Tremex magus can be low or highly harmful depending on the presence or absence of other negative factors. Among single species, Zeuzera pyrina (Linnaeus, 1761) can be moderately harmful because it colonizes almost healthy trees. The rest three species can be moderately harmful in the case of tree weakening by negative factors.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antioxidative Mechanisms In Vitro and Triterpenes Composition of Extracts from Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Black Birch (Betula obscura Kotula) Barks by FT-IR and HPLC-PDA

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4633
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ostapiuk ◽  
Łukasz Kurach ◽  
Maciej Strzemski ◽  
Jacek Kurzepa ◽  
Anna Hordyjewska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Active Substances

Silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, is one of the most common trees in Europe. Due to its content of many biologically active substances, it has long been used in medicine and cosmetics, unlike the rare black birch, Betula obscura Kotula. The aim of the study was therefore to compare the antioxidant properties of extracts from the inner and outer bark layers of both birch trees towards the L929 line treated with acetaldehyde. Based on the lactate dehydrogenase test and the MTT test, 10 and 25% concentrations of extracts were selected for the antioxidant evaluation. All extracts at tested concentrations reduced the production of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and 25% extract decreased malonic aldehyde formation in acetaldehyde-treated cells. The chemical composition of bark extracts was accessed by IR and HPLC-PDA methods and surprisingly, revealed a high content of betulin and lupeol in the inner bark extract of B. obscura. Furthermore, IR analysis revealed differences in the chemical composition of the outer bark between black and silver birch extracts, indicating that black birch may be a valuable source of numerous biologically active substances. Further experiments are required to evaluate their potential against neuroinflammation, cancer, viral infections, as well as their usefulness in cosmetology.

Does lignin modification affect feeding preference or growth performance of insect herbivores in transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula Roth)?

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 222 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Tiimonen ◽  
Tuija Aronen ◽  
Tapio Laakso ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Vincent Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Lignin Modification
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