Flowers Characteristics of Selected Species of Lime-Tree (Tilia spp.) in Terms of miRNA-Based Markers Activity, Mannose Expression and Biological Compounds Content

The significant healing effect of Tilia platyphyllos Scop. and Tilia cordata Mill. flowers are well known. However, the flowers of Tilia tomentosa Moench. are not suitable for harvest due to their toxic effects. To investigate the diverse background of this effect, we applied a functional miRNA-based marker, mannose expression analysis and determined the content of bioactive compounds. Out of nine tested markers, three (miR160, miR167 and miR408) provided reproducible miRNA-based loci and two of them (miR160 and miR398) enabled the acquisition of fingerprinting specific to flower and leaf samples of T. platyphyllos and T. tomentosa. The most pronounced profiling was specific for miR408 marker, the function of which is connected to plant defense and adaptation mechanisms. We confirmed the suitability of microRNA-based markers for polymorphism determination of flowers of selected species of lime-tree. The highest values of antioxidant activity, flavonoids, total polyphenols and phenolic acids content have been reached in silver linden flowers. When comparing the transcription activity of mannose in flowers, more than 30 times higher levels of mannose transcripts for the silver linden flowers was observed.

Coleridge’s Imperfect Circles

<p>This thesis takes as its starting point Coleridge’s assertion that “[t]he common end of all . . . Poems is . . . to make those events which in real or imagined History move in a strait [sic] Line, assume to our Understandings a circular motion” (CL 4: 545). Coleridge’s so-called “Conversation” poems seem to conform most conspicuously to this aesthetic theory, structured as they are to return to their starting points at their conclusions. The assumption, however, that this comforting circular structure is commensurate with the sense of these poems can be questioned, for the conclusions of the “Conversation” poems are rarely, if ever, reassuring. The formal circularity of these poems is frequently achieved more by persuasive rhetoric than by any cohesion of elements. The circular structure encourages the reader’s expectations of unity and synthesis, but ultimately these expectations are disappointed, and instead the reader is surprised by an ending more troubling than the rhetoric of return and reassurance would suggest. Taking three “Conversation” poems as case studies (“The Eolian Harp,” “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” and “Frost at Midnight”), this thesis attempts to explicate those tensions which exist in the “Conversation” poems between form and effect, between structure and sense.</p>

Coleridge’s Imperfect Circles

<p>This thesis takes as its starting point Coleridge’s assertion that “[t]he common end of all . . . Poems is . . . to make those events which in real or imagined History move in a strait [sic] Line, assume to our Understandings a circular motion” (CL 4: 545). Coleridge’s so-called “Conversation” poems seem to conform most conspicuously to this aesthetic theory, structured as they are to return to their starting points at their conclusions. The assumption, however, that this comforting circular structure is commensurate with the sense of these poems can be questioned, for the conclusions of the “Conversation” poems are rarely, if ever, reassuring. The formal circularity of these poems is frequently achieved more by persuasive rhetoric than by any cohesion of elements. The circular structure encourages the reader’s expectations of unity and synthesis, but ultimately these expectations are disappointed, and instead the reader is surprised by an ending more troubling than the rhetoric of return and reassurance would suggest. Taking three “Conversation” poems as case studies (“The Eolian Harp,” “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” and “Frost at Midnight”), this thesis attempts to explicate those tensions which exist in the “Conversation” poems between form and effect, between structure and sense.</p>

The comparison of population structure and distribution of thalli Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. along the trunk of Tilia cordata in a shaded floodplain lime-tree forest for 2008-2017

The research was carried out in shaded flooded lime-tree forest on the territory of the Mari El Republic. Population density, ontogenetic structure of populations and thalli vitality of E . prunastri were explored on 19 marked trees of heart-leaved linden on different tree trunk heights (0-0,5 m, 0,5-1 m, 1-1,5 m, 1,5-2 m) and on different expositions (north, east, south, west). For the period from 2008 to 2017 an increase in the population density of E . prunastri was founded. These differences appear at the trunk height of 1,5-2 m. Thalli were not founded at the height of 0-0,5 m. No changes in the distribution of thalli by exposure in different years were revealed. The most of E . prunastri thalli grow on the northern exposure. In 2017 in the population the specimens share of v₁, v₂ and g₂v of ontogenetic states increases and the specimens share of g₁v decreases. The average vitality of E . prunastri thalli decreases, the deterioration of vitality is more pronounced among individuals in g₁v-ss ontogenetic states. An increase in the population density, a decrease in the size of the E . prunastri thalli and Hypogymnia physodes , a rejuvenation of the ontogenetic structure of the E . prunastri thalli were shown earlier for the illuminated floodplain lime forest. Similar processes in different environmental conditions and in different species indicate regular changes in the populations of epiphytic lichens, which can be caused by climate warming.

Young lime tree evapotranspiration measurements in lysimeters with automated irrigation

&lt;p&gt;Lime tree growing area is increasing in Mediterranean temperate regions. In these areas, climate change scenario is expected to raise air temperature and water shortages. Such scenario requires new approaches to implement a precision irrigation in agriculture. In order to use water more efficiently, it becomes necessary to accurately determining the crop water needs, which are estimated by crop evapotranspiration computations (ETc). In this study the ETc of young lime trees grown under Mediterranean conditions were determined using the soil water balance method. For this purpose, two-year old lime trees (Citrus latifolia Tan., cv. Bearss) grafted on C. macrophylla rootstock were cultivated in pot-lysimeters, equipped with capacitance and granular matric sensors for real-time monitoring of the soil water status. Irrigation, drainage, and pot weight were also monitored continuously. All measurements were integrated into a telemetry platform. Agro-meteorological variables, plant water status (stem (&amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;stem&lt;/sub&gt;) and leaf (&amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;leaf&lt;/sub&gt;) water potentials), and leaf gas exchange parameters (stomatal conductance (g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;) and net photosynthesis (P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)) were measured. Along the experiment, an automated irrigation protocol based on volumetric soil water content (&amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;) threshold values were programmed, guaranteeing an adequate lime tree water status. Irrigation dose was calculated based on a feed-back strategy maintaining &amp;#952;&lt;sub&gt;v &lt;/sub&gt;within 30% management allowed depletion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the experimental period, the lime trees were well irrigated as revealed midday &amp;#936;&lt;sub&gt;stem &lt;/sub&gt;values that were maintained above -0.8 MPa. Also, the mean seasonal values of &amp;#8776; 7 &amp;#181;mol m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;1&lt;/sup&gt; and 80 mmol m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;1&lt;/sup&gt;, for P&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; and g&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;, respectively, indicated optimal gas exchange values. The computed water balance parameters yielded values for the crop evapotranspiration from 0.25&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;to 2.56 mm day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, in winter and summer months, respectively, with maximum values in July when evaporative demand conditions were the highest. This soil water balance was daily validated by the pot weight balance through the year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the automated irrigation of young potted lime trees, using soil water content as a control system variable, has ensured an adequate lime tree water status. A simple, robust weighing/drainage lysimeter, with real-time monitoring of the soil water balance parameters, has been proved practical and economical tool for crop evapotranspiration measurements.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgments: This work was funded by Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&amp;#243;n (PID2019-106226RB-C2-1/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Fundaci&amp;#243;n S&amp;#233;neca, Regi&amp;#243;n de Murcia (19903/GERM/15) projects.&lt;/p&gt;

Dynamic Testing of Lime-Tree (Tilia Europoea) and Pine (Pinaceae) for Wood Model Identification

The paper presents the results of dynamic testing of two wood species: lime-tree (Tilia europoea) and pine (Pinaceae). The dynamic compressive tests were carried out using the traditional Kolsky method in compression tests. The Kolsky method was modified for testing the specimen in a rigid limiting holder. In the first case, stress–strain diagrams for uniaxial stress state were obtained, while in the second, for uniaxial deformation. To create the load a gas gun was used. According to the results of the experiments, dynamic stress–strain diagrams were obtained. The limiting strength and deformation characteristics were determined. The fracture energy of lime and pine depending on the type of test was also obtained. The strain rates and stress growth rates were determined. The influence of the cutting angle of the specimens relative to the grain was noted. Based on the results obtained, the necessary parameters of the wood model were determined and their adequacy was assessed by using a special verification experiment.

Lamb, Coleridge, and the Poetics of Publication

This essay explores the poetics of Lamb's early letters to Coleridge. I argue for a sharp awareness, on Lamb's part, of the potentially negative effect publication can have on literary writing. Lamb resists this at the level of epistolary form, by entwining his sonnets with the letters into which he writes them. Where Lamb's poems, taken in themselves, remain modest performances, the letter-poem hybrid texts in which they participate are of significant critical interest. Among other things they establish a critique of Coleridge and his paying court to the literary marketplace. These insights, I go on to suggest, can also help us to understand both writers’ more mature work, notably the complex lyric-epistolary compound that is Coleridge's ‘This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison’.