scholarly journals The IMF or the AMF: Defining the Future of Financing for Investment and Development Projects in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
PS Masumbe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Special Drawing Rights ◽  
Agenda 2063 ◽  
The Imf

Since independence the government of many African countries have depended on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank as their main sources of finance for major developmental and investment projects in their respective countries. Accordingly, besides the granting of loans to Low Income Countries (LICs) at zero interest rate, the IMF also assists member countries to resolve their balance of payment challenges as well as granting interest-bearing loans to both member and non-member countries. Similarly, the African Monetary Fund (AMF) which is a prototype of the IMF was created by the African Union (AU) and is not yet operational. Just like the IMF, the AMF is intended to fund major developmental projects in Africa. This article examines the IMF loans conditionality and the award of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) to African Countries as seen during the COVID-19 crisis. It argues that the AMF would not be the African countries’ panacea as far as funding for developmental projects in Africa is concerned. In this regard, the article further examines Agenda 2063 as a future development model for Africa, as well as the various sources of project finance as envisioned in the Frameworks Document of Agenda 2063. It concludes that IMF still has the financial muscle to fund developmental projects and resolved balance of payment problems in Africa despite alternative sources of finance recommended by Agenda 2063.

The analysis of evolution in eradicating mortalities caused by infectious diseases in East and Central African Countries coinciding with gross national income

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Haijun ◽  
Jean Pierre Namahoro
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
East African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background: Infectious diseases are predominantly within poor population living in low-income countries, while are either treatable or preventable with existing medicines in the first occurring. The highlighted cause is some government choose to spend national budget on several projects do not coincide the basic needs and demands of the population. The objectives of this study were to 1) compare the performance between new cases and deaths caused by diseases; 2) show the effect of gross national income (GNI) in the mortalities reduction, and 3) assess potential evolution in eradicating mortalities in East African countries. Method: WHO database contains data on several responses (new cases of Malaria, Neonates protected at birth against neonatal tetanus, mortalities from tuberculosis among HIV-negative people and new cases of leprosy) recorded from 2004 to 2015. IMB SPSS modeler and Origin 8 were used especially, One-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation to achieve the objectives of the study. Results: The p-values for either Levene’ and Brown-Forsythe compared with 0.05 significant level for testing the performance between countries, correlation between GNI with leprosy is -0.5 to -1.0, in five countries, with TB is closer t0 -1.0 in four countries, with deaths from Malaria, is -0.5 to -1.0 in three countries, and new cases from Malaria and protected neonates is 0.5 to 1.0. Conclusion: The relationship between GNI and new cases and deaths indicate the weak effect of GNI in the process of eradicating mortalities, therefore, the government should prioritize the healthcare and use a national budget to monitoring the all complications related to infectious diseases. Key wards: infectious diseases, eradicating mortalities, gross national income

Monetary Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Regimes ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Policy Work ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Policy Guidance

Having broadly stabilized inflation over the past two decades, many policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa are now asking more of their monetary policy frameworks. They are looking to avoid policy misalignments and respond appropriately to both domestic and external shocks, including swings in fiscal policy and spikes in food and export prices. In many cases they are finding current regimes—often characterized as ‘money targeting’—lacking, with opaque and sometimes inconsistent objectives, inadequate transmission of policy to the economy, and difficulties in responding to supply shocks. At the same time, little existing research on monetary policy is targeted to low-income countries. What do we know about the empirics of monetary transmission in low-income countries? (How) Does monetary policy work in countries characterized by a huge share of food in consumption, underdeveloped financial markets, and opaque policy regimes? (How) Can we use methods largely derived in advanced countries to answer these questions? And (how) can we use the results to guide policymakers? This book draws on years of research and practice at the IMF and in central banks from the region to shed empirical and theoretical light on these questions and to provide practical tools and policy guidance. A key feature of the book is the application of dynamic general equilibrium models, suitably adapted to reflect key features of low-income countries, for the analysis of monetary policy in sub-Saharan African countries.

IMF activities as a provider of financial assistance to the countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
М.Б. Медведева ◽  
Л.И. Хомякова ◽  
А.Д. Зверева
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Extensive Program ◽  
The Imf

В целях поддержки стран по преодолению экономических последствий пандемии COVID-19 МВФ выделил им финансовые ресурсы и предоставил инструменты облегчения обслуживания долга в рамках различных механизмов кредитования и финансирования. Программа действует с конца марта 2020 года. В статье отмечено, что МВФ быстро отреагировал на чрезвычайную ситуацию, вызванную пандемией, и развернул широкую программу помощи странам с низким уровнем дохода в целях преодоления ее последствий. The IMF provides financial assistance and debt relief under various lending and financing mechanisms to member countries facing the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemics. The article provides an overview of the assistance approved by the IMF since the end of March 2020. It was noted that the IMF quickly responded to the emergency caused by the pandemic and launched an extensive program of assistance to low-income countries in order to overcome its consequences.

Climate Change And Food Security In Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Pant
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Agriculture And Environment ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Government

Climate change is posing a threat on present and future food security in low income countries. But, the actual effect of the climate change on food security is not known. Using secondary data reported by the government, the paper examines the effects of climate change on food security in Nepal in the context of policies of commercialization of farm production. Statistical analysis is used to delineate the situation of food security in the country and regression analysis for exploring the effects of global warming on domestic production of major cereals. The results are discussed at global, national, household and individual levels empirically and qualitatively. The results suggest that a rise in minimum temperature decreases the productivity of rice increasing threat of food insecurity. The paper suggests some policy measures for improving food security situation in the country and open up some areas for further research. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 9-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7582

Infrastructure deficit and opportunities in Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Mafusire ◽  
Zuzana Brixiova ◽  
John Anyanwu ◽  
Qingwei Meng
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Financing Infrastructure

Private sector investment opportunities in Africa’s infrastructure are huge. Regulatory reforms across African countries are identified as critical to the realization of the expected investment flows in the infrastructure sector. However, planners and policy makers need to note that there are infrastructure deficiencies in all subsectors with low income countries (LICs) in Africa facing the greatest challenge. Inefficiencies in implementing infrastructure projects account for USD 17 billion annually and improving the capacity of African countries will help minimize these costs. In this regard, the donor community must play a greater role in African LICs while innovative financing mechanisms must be the focus in the relatively richer countries of the continent. Traditional sources of financing infrastructure development remain important but private investment is critical in closing the current gaps. Countries need to devise mechanisms to exploit opportunities and avoid pitfalls in investing in infrastructure.

scholarly journals The acceptance of covid-19 vaccines in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 6 national phone surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelton Kanyanda ◽  
Yannick Markhof ◽  
Philip Wollburg ◽  
Alberto Zezza
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction Recent debates surrounding the lagging covid-19 vaccination campaigns in low-income countries center around vaccine supply and financing. Yet, relatively little is known about attitudes towards covid-19 vaccines in these countries and in Africa in particular. In this paper, we provide cross-country comparable estimates of the willingness to accept a covid-19 vaccine in six Sub-Saharan African countries. Methods We use data from six national high-frequency phone surveys from countries representing 38% of the Sub-Saharan African population (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda). Samples are drawn from large, nationally representative sampling frames providing a rich set of demographic and socio-economic characteristics by which we disaggregate our analysis. Using a set of re-calibrated survey weights, our analysis adjusts for the selection biases common in remote surveys. Results Acceptance rates in the six Sub-Saharan African countries studied are generally high, with at least four in five people willing to be vaccinated in all but one country. Vaccine acceptance ranges from nearly universal in Ethiopia (97.9%, 97.2% to 98.6%) to below what would likely be required for herd immunity in Mali (64.5%, 61.3% to 67.8%). We find little evidence for systematic differences in vaccine hesitancy by sex or age but some clusters of hesitancy in urban areas, among the better educated, and in richer households. Safety concerns about the vaccine in general and its side effects emerge as the primary reservations toward a covid-19 vaccine across countries. Conclusions Our findings suggest that limited supply, not inadequate demand, likely presents the key bottleneck to reaching high covid-19 vaccine coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa. To turn intent into effective demand, targeted communication campaigns bolstering confidence in the safety of approved vaccines and reducing concerns about side effects will be crucial to safeguard the swift progression of vaccine rollout in one of the world's poorest regions.

Managing and Motivating

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Eilish Mc Auliffe ◽  
Ogenna Manafa ◽  
Cameron Bowie ◽  
Lucy Makoae ◽  
Fresier Maseko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Source Countries

It is now more than a decade since the acknowledgement of the health human resources crisis that exists in many low-income countries. During that decade much attention has focused on addressing the “pull” factors (e.g. developing voluntary international recruitment guidelines and bilateral agreements between recruiting and source countries) and on scaling up the supply of health professionals. Drawing on research conducted in two sub-Saharan African countries, we argue that a critical element in the human resources crisis is the poor working environments in these countries that not only continue to act as a strong “push” factor, but also impact on the motivation and performance of those who remain in their home countries. Unless attention is focused on improving work environments, the human resources crisis will continue in a vicious cycle leading to further decline in the health systems of low-income countries.

scholarly journals Adapting Collaborative Approaches for Service Provision to Low-Income Countries: Expert Panel Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Pugel ◽  
Amy Javernick-Will ◽  
Matthew Koschmann ◽  
Shawn Peabody ◽  
Karl Linden
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Government Capacity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Practice

The international development sector is increasingly implementing collaborative approaches that facilitate a range of sectoral-level stakeholders to jointly address complex problems facing sustainable public service delivery, for which guidance does not explicitly exist. The literature on collaborative approaches has been built on experiences in high-income countries with vastly different governance capabilities, limiting their global relevance. A Delphi expert panel addressed this need by evaluating 58 factors hypothesized in the literature to contribute to the success of collaborative approaches. The panel rated factors according to their importance in low-income country contexts, on a scale from Not Important to Essential. Experts agreed on the importance of 49 factors, eight of which were essential for success. Rich qualitative data from open-ended responses revealed factors that may be unique to low-income country contexts and to service delivery applications, including how government capacity, politics, donor influence, and culture can influence decisions on structuring leadership and facilitation roles, appropriately engaging the government, and building legitimacy. Key considerations for future practice and research are summarized in a table in the appendix. This study contributes to both literature and practice by identifying the relative importance of factors to consider when designing collaborative approaches in low-income countries with limited governance capabilities.

P1586Research network in Africa (RNA): antihypertensive drugs strategies in 12 African countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kane ◽  
P Cavagna ◽  
I B Diop ◽  
B Gaye ◽  
J B Mipinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background High Blood Pressure is the worldwide leading global burden of disease risk factor. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the number of adults with raised blood pressure has alarmingly increased from 0.59 to 1.13 billion between 1975 and 2015. Blood pressure-lowering medicines are cornerstone of cardiovascular risk reduction. Data on management of anti-hypertensive drugs in sub-Saharan Africa are squarce. Purpose Our study aims to describe antihypertensive drugs strategies in Africa. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in urban clinics during outpatient consultation specialized in hypertension cardiology departments of 29 medical centers from 17 cities across 12 African countries (Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Mozambic, Niger, Senegal, Togo). Data were collected on demographics, treatment and standardized BP measures were made among the hypertensive patients attending the clinics. Country income was retrieved from the World Bank database. All analyses were performed through scripts developed in the R software (3.4.1 (2017–06–30)). Results A total of 2198 hypertensive patients (58.4±11.8 years; 39.9% male) were included. Among whom 2123 (96.6%) had at least one antihypertensive drug. Overall, 30.8% (n=653) received monotherapy and calcium-channel blockers (49.6%) were the most common monotherapy prescribed follow by diuretics (18.7%). Two-drug strategies were prescribed for 927 patients (43.6%). Diuretics and Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors was the combination most frequently prescribed (33.7%). Combination of three drugs or more was used in 25.6% (n=543) of patients. The proportion of drugs strategies differed significantly according to countries (p<0.001), monotherapy ranged from 12.7% in Niger to 47.1% in Democratic Republic of the Congo (figure). Furthermore we observed a significantly difference of strategies between low and middle income countries (55.3% and 44.7% of monotherapy respectively) (p<0.001). According to hypertension grades 1, 2 and 3, the proportion of three-drugs or more combination was 25%, 28% and 34% in middle-income and lower in low-income countries (18%, 19% and 25%). Furthermore, Grade 3 hypertension in low income countries was still treated with monotherapy (36%) instead of 19% in middle income countries (p<0.01). Antihypertensive strategies by country Conclusion Our study described antihypertensive drugs use across 12 sub-Saharan countries, and identified disparities specific to the income context. Inequity in access to drugs combination is a serious barrier to tackle the burden of hypertension in Africa.

scholarly journals The Right to Education and ICT during COVID-19: An International Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9091
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Lázaro Lorente ◽  
Ana Ancheta Arrabal ◽  
Cristina Pulido-Montes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

There is a lack of concluding evidence among epidemiologists and public health specialists about how school closures reduce the spread of COVID-19. Herein, we attend to the generalization of this action throughout the world, specifically in its quest to reduce mortality and avoid infections. Considering the impact on the right to education from a global perspective, this article discusses how COVID-19 has exacerbated inequalities and pre-existing problems in education systems around the world. Therefore, the institutional responses to guaranteeing remote continuity of the teaching–learning process during this educational crisis was compared regionally through international databases. Three categories of analysis were established: infrastructure and equipment, both basic and computer-based, as well as internet access of schools; preparation and means of teachers to develop distance learning; and implemented measures and resources to continue educational processes. The results showed an uneven capacity in terms of response and preparation to face the learning losses derived from school closure, both in low-income regions and within middle- and high-income countries. We concluded that it is essential to articulate inclusive educational policies that support strengthening the government response capacity, especially in low-income countries, to address the sustainability of education.

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