THE POTENTIAL AND DIRECTION FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AFTER COVID-19 IN VIETNAM

Tourism is a well-known economic sector that plays an important role in the economic, political, and social development, as well as the protection of natural resources and the environment. Tourism development will contribute to monetary restructuring, bring in national budget revenue, attract investment capital, and export local goods, all of which will have an impact on the development of related monetary sectors

The Turkmen-style economic development

The resource-rich and state-led Turkmen economy has grown very fast since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The authorities have produced a number of various programmes and strategies aimed at improving the standard of living of the citizens and achieving sustainable and inclusive development. Officially, nearly 80% of the national budget in Turkmenistan has been annually allocated for social needs. However, instead of creating opportunities and improving access to these opportunities for the citizens, the authoritarian government chose income redistribution and social spending. The paper identifies key features of the economic development in Turkmenistan and was written base on a critical analysis of state-controlled and independent news websites. The main feature of the Turkmen-style economic development is the growing deprivation of ordinary people. Poor citizens are getting poorer while the president’s relatives and patronage networks are getting richer. Huge gaps between the rural and urban population and tribal divisions have been observed in the country. Moreover, the Soviet-style work holidays continue. Despite significant improvements in infrastructure, provision for education and health care still remains poor in Turkmenistan. The government expenditure for social needs means investment in infrastructure, not human capital.

Financing Devolution in a COVID-19 Environment: The Status of Devolution in Zimbabwe

Background: The concept of devolution has always presented significant controversy in African unitary states. It is often viewed with inherent suspicion and skepticism based on the lack of mutual trust between the people and the government. While proponents see it as a form of empowerment, resistant groups in society view the decentralization of government powers and responsibilities as a gateway to success. Despite the devolution agenda being a major component of local governance in the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013, it would not be practically implemented until the new dispensation that rose into power in 2018. However, the coming in of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly marred the take-off of devolution implementation in Zimbabwe. Whilst COVID-19 cases continue to escalate on the globe, African countries continue to battle not only with the second wave of the pandemic but also with the new COVID-19 variants. Already fragile economies of these countries, the governments were forced to prioritize the national budgets in response to the pandemic; consequently, other social and developmental issues were left behind. Objective: This study discusses the contemporary status of devolution in Zimbabwe to ascertain the extent of implementation; provide supportive legislation for devolution structures through recommendations; analyze devolution disbursements from 2019 before COVID-19 to date; assess the local authorities’ initial requests versus the disbursements in 2019 and 2020. Method: The researcher carried out a desk review and followed the principles of case study design by analyzing financial statements, reports and data coming in from the Councils and relevant Government ministries. The meaning was also derived by critically reviewing, organizing and interpreting related information from books and articles published in newspapers and journals. Result: Despite Section 264(1) of the Constitution providing for devolution of power to the three tiers of the Government, there is no supporting legislature in place as yet to actualize this key element. The Government Budgetary Allocation of 5% is not meeting local authority demands. Conclusion: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 reduced the pace of the devolution process because the funds were channeled to fight against the virus. If properly practiced, devolution may be one of the solutions to the development of the Zimbabwean economy since the devolution program is largely founded on the principle of empowering provincial government councils and Local Authorities to spearhead economic and social development projects in their areas by leveraging on local resources. It may also solve issues of corruption in many local councils in Zimbabwe by improving accountability mechanisms, especially where sub governments are permitted to progressively compete with each other to establish innovative ways of delivering public services efficiently and inexpensively. Implications: The findings imply that the Government policies can affect the social and economic well-being of citizens, however, the COVID-19 pandemic has far outweighing impacts. Secondly, the coronavirus outbreak has proved how much the Government of Zimbabwe is ill-prepared to deal with a pandemic of this dimension. Policymakers should ensure that finances are set in the national budget for unseen events so as not to derail other Government projects. Originality: This paper is original and not sent anywhere for publication.

Libyan politics may rattle the oil sector yet again

Significance Libya’s hydrocarbons sector has seen a period of relative stability since the end in 2020 of eastern military commander Khalifa Haftar’s military offensive against Tripoli and the formation of the Government of National Unity in early 2021. Oil and gas revenues are central to the national budget -- and their control and distribution are focal points of political contention. Impacts The main risk to oil production in 2022 is the possibility of a renewed political crisis triggered by elections. Prompt payment of salaries and fees will remain important to discouraging private security forces from closing down oil infrastructure. Foreign oil and gas companies will become more cautious about new investment.

The development of government support for compliance managers training in Russian Federation

The article reflects ?n the problems of government support for the training of compliance officers in the Russian Federation. This problem became more acute in connection with the consolidation in clause 3 of the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1697-r of August 16, 2018, the requirement to create internal systems under state and municipal authorities, ensuring that their activities comply with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation. The lack of theoretical and practical knowledge of civil servants in this area (the area of compliance) determines the relevance of the problem under consideration. This mostly concerned t? yesterday's students who are unable to provide payment ?f additional education in this area due to lack of financial resources. This entails the lack of qualifications of civil servants in the area of compliance and the ineffectiveness of compliance programs they are running. In the course of the study, we concluded that it is necessary to adopt in Russia a Scandinavian approach of government support for the training of labor resources at the expenses of the national budget and taking into account the real need for labor resources in regions and municipalities.

Proposed Use of Land and Building Tax as a Fiscal Policy Instrument to Support Flood Disaster Management Financing in DKI Jakarta

This article discusses a proposal applying an earmarking tax scheme to PBB-P2 in DKI Jakarta Province to support financing and flood disaster management, based on the flood disaster that always occurs every year and has many losses. In addition, the current pattern of financing comes from the APBD or local general fund. This scheme will trigger the potential for discontinuity of budget allocations for flood disaster management. This study aims to identify and compare the practice of financing and handling disasters in other countries. Then it aims to see the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed proposal and explore the policy recommendations that can be given if this proposal is later implemented. By using a qualitative approach, this research is done through in-depth interviews and literature study. The study results found that, there are two financing schemes for flood disaster management, namely (1) national budget and (2) other government funds. Another finding shows that the proposed application of the earmarking tax can legally be carried out in DKI Jakarta. Although, there are advantages and disadvantages, and there are several options for the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government that can be considered if this proposal is later implemented.

Economy of the Neighborhood Belt Countries in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Peculiarities of Post-Crisis Recovery

Aim. The presented study aims to identify key factors affecting the macroeconomic situation in the EAEU countries and Tajikistan (hereinafter referred to as the region) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Tasks. This study summarizes trends in the development of the neighborhood belt countries in recent years; investigates changes in the real, monetary, fiscal, and external sectors of the economies caused by the spread of COVID-19; identifies the vulnerability factors of the countries in the region and key trends in responding to the crisis and post-crisis recovery.Methods. To investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic situation in the neighborhood belt countries, the authors analyze the dynamics of major macroeconomic indicators characterizing the state of the real, monetary, external, and fiscal sectors of the economies under consideration.Results. The macroeconomic situation in the neighborhood belt countries at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the post-crisis recovery is largely similar. The effects of the pandemic include sharp depreciation of national currencies, increased budget deficits, and increased national debt. Post-crisis recovery in the region is characterized by persistent risks to fiscal and debt sustainability and the effect of pro-inflationary factors.Conclusions. Despite the consistent post-crisis recovery of the neighborhood belt countries, sustainable growth is still threatened by the possible deterioration of the epidemiological situation, national budget deficit, high level of national debt, and increasing inflationary pressure. Macroeconomic policy in the countries of the region can be improved by enhancing the macroeconomic forecasting system and applying budget rules for managing budget and debt risks.

Stability of Tax Revenue in Poland’s National Budget in 2004-2020

Both the amount and structure of tax revenue may change in time as they depend on numerous variables, including factors of the business cycle. However, the stability of tax revenue affects the balance of public finances and the ability to meet public obligations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of tax revenue in Poland’s national budget in 2004-2020. The research results indicate that both the amount and the structure of tax revenue in the national budget in 2004-2020 were stable.

TAX EVASION AND MONEY LAUNDERING AS A SET OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

Article is the author's cooperation project after the coauthor's successful master's defence, by supplementing the study with new knowledge. Based on the assessment of the “MONEYVAL” Committee on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing of the Council of Europe, Latvia faces and continues to face the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing. In order to alleviate these risks, various measures are being taken in the State, including by making amendments to the laws and regulations and directly in the Criminal Law and the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism and Prohibition Financing. Tax evasion is a predicative offence laid down in article 218 of the Criminal Law, committing and legalizing funds, thus committing a criminal offence in article 195 of the Criminal Law – money laundering. In view of the fact that tax collection provides revenue in the national budget, the risks of tax evasion are considered to be a significant encroachment on public and public interest. The consequences of tax evasion affect the entire company, in the interest of which it is expected that the State budget receives all the payments due to it. In protecting the public budget and public welfare, the legislature established criminal liability for offences in the field of taxation. The object of the Master's work is the settlement of criminal relations in the field of taxation and the economy. The subject of the Master's work is the criminal legal norms of criminal offences such as tax evasion and money laundering, law doctrine and jurisprudence. The work analysed the provisions of criminal law, compiled legal literature findings and case law. In addition, there is a view of the problem of the problem of criminal law in connection with the confiscation of virtual currency, as well as the risks of tax evasion, identified problems, gaps and offered solutions.

Chapter 3: The Role of Food Exports in Russia’s Economy

As Russia’s agri-food exports have increased in recent years, the role of food exports has evolved from being negligible at the beginning of the 2000s to almost 30 percent of agricultural production in recent years. Agri-food exports account for a substantial amount of growth in the agricultural sector. The contribution of food exports to the national economy, however, is minor. Food exports’ net contribution to the national budget is about zero. Technical advances suggest that the role of agricultural exports in the national economy will keep gradually growing but will remain a secondary factor in national welfare.