scholarly journals Auto-exhaust pollution effects on the leaf structure of Olea europea L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-486
Author(s):  
Ilkay Öztürk Çali ◽  
Neslihan Karavin
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Traffic Area ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Effects of auto-exhaust pollution on the leaf structure of Olea europea L. (Olive) were determined. Olive leaves were collected from three areas, such as, no low and heavy traffic areas with different traffic intensity. Anatomical layer thickness of leaves was studied in cross sections. Results showed that, the least values of layer thickness of leaves and total leaf thickness were obtained from high traffic area. Auto-exhaust pollution caused chlorosis and necrosis in morphological structure of olive leaves as well. The plant tolerated traffic-based pollution stress by decreasing anatomical layer thickness, however chlorosis occurred. Therefore, olive leaves can be used as a bio-indicator for traffic-based pollution because of their higher sensitivity to exhausts gases.

scholarly journals The role of phenolic compounds in the defense of sooty mold of olive leaves (Olea europea L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 1075-1081
Author(s):  
Ilias Faiza ◽  
Bensehaila Sarra ◽  
Medjdoub Kenza ◽  
El Haci Imad ◽  
Gaouar Benyelles Nassira
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Sooty Mold ◽  
Olea Europea

scholarly journals Diagnostic criteria for detection of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and neuroretinal rim width abnormalities in glaucoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feihui Zheng ◽  
Marco Yu ◽  
Christopher Kai-Shun Leung
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer ◽  
Neuroretinal Rim ◽  
Fibre Layer ◽  
Glaucoma Detection ◽  
Nerve Fibre Layer ◽  
Spectralis Oct ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Background/aimsAlthough measurements of the Bruch’s membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) with optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been widely adopted in the diagnostic evaluation of glaucoma, there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria to define BMO-MRW and RNFLT abnormalities. This study investigated the sensitivities and specificities of different diagnostic criteria based on the OCT classification reports for detection of glaucoma.Methods340 eyes of 137 patients with glaucoma and 87 healthy individuals, all with axial length ≤26mm, had global and sectoral BMO-MRW and RNFLT measured with Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering). Six diagnostic criteria were examined: global measurement below the fifth or the first percentile; ≥1 sector measurement below the fifth or the first percentile; superotemporal and/or inferotemporal measurement below the fifth or the first percentile. The sensitivities and specificities of BMO-MRW/RNFLT assessment for detection of glaucoma (eyes with visual field (VF) defects) were compared.ResultsAmong the six criteria examined, superotemporal and/or inferotemporal measurement below the fifth percentile showed the highest sensitivities and specificities for glaucoma detection. Abnormal superotemporal and/or inferotemporal RNFLT attained a higher sensitivity than abnormal superotemporal and/or inferotemporal BMO-MRW to detect mild glaucoma (mean VF MD: −3.32±1.59 dB) (97.9% and 88.4%, respectively, p=0.006), and glaucoma (mean VF MD: −9.36±8.31 dB) (98.4% and 93.6%, respectively, p=0.006), at the same specificity (96.1%).ConclusionsSuperotemporal and/or inferotemporal RNFLT/MRW below the fifth percentile yield the best diagnostic performance for glaucoma detection with RNFLT attains higher sensitivities than MRW at the same specificity in eyes without high myopia.

OBSŁUGA TRANSPORTOWA MAŁYCH MIAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Andrzej ZALEWSKI ◽  
Jan KEMPA
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
The Town

The main problem connected with transport in small towns is an efficient passage of the transit route through the town. Road traffic planning is considered to be vital, which in many cases is not possible due to high costs. Another effective solution is calming the traffic along the route through towns, especially in the central areas, with lowering the speed limit to 30-40 kph (exceptionally allowing 50 kph). In this way, a consensus is achieved between the needs of traffic and town’s functioning. In consequence, the status of “priority for the town” is thus given. Ample experience confirms that there is a significant improvement in traffic safety on the main road, including: decrease in the number of deaths, reduction of traffic speed, improvement in the safety of vulnerable road users, improvement in the aesthetics and appearance of public space, improving parking conditions and reducing air pollution. Effects are achieved by reducing the speed and rebuilding of street sections. In the cross-sections of streets, new solutions for pedestrian and bicycle traffic develop the public space, which in this way becomes friendly to residents. Linear infrastructure for bicycles may be limited only to a road with a high car traffic density. The planned road solution must be integrally connected with spatial development. The threshold of road nuisance perceptible on the street in a small town is lower than in medium-sized and large cities. The average annual traffic daily volume should not exceed 5000 vpd. In the aspect of protection of living environment conditions, traffic intensity on small town streets should be by half lower (<2000 vpd), which means a moderate traffic function of the street.  

NUMERICAL STUDY OF MUCOUS LAYER EFFECTS ON NASAL AIRFLOW

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih Fang Lee ◽  
Kamarul Arifin Ahmad ◽  
Rushdan Ismail ◽  
Suzina Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Mucous Layer ◽  
Turbulent Airflow ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd

The aim of this study is to visualize and analyze the mucous layer effects towards the nasal airflow. Mucous layer had been neglected in previous works as it is considered a very thin layer along the nasal passageway. This paper discussed the effects in nasal airflow caused by the micrometer changes of the mucous layer thickness along the nasal passageway. Differences in maximum velocities caused by the mucous layer and visualization of the nasal airflow were studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to study three-dimensional nasal cavity of an adult Malaysian female. Six different models with various thickness of mucous layer within the range of 5–50 μm were implemented in the analysis with mass flow rate of 7.5 and 20 L/min. Mucous layer is assumed to be uniform, solid, and also stationary for this study. The results from all the six models were compared with the model with non-mucous effects. Based on both laminar and turbulent airflow simulations, it is shown that the addition of mucous layer thickness in analysis increased the maximum velocities at the four cross sections along the nasal cavity.

Green extraction approach for the recovery of polyphenols from Croatian olive leaves (Olea europea)

2017 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Putnik ◽  
Francisco J. Barba ◽  
Ivana Španić ◽  
Zoran Zorić ◽  
Verica Dragović-Uzelac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Green Extraction ◽  
Olea Europea

scholarly journals Modification of Olive Leaves’ Surface by Ultrasound Cavitation. Correlation with Polyphenol Extraction Enhancement

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Natacha Rombaut ◽  
Tony Chave ◽  
Sergey I. Nikitenko ◽  
Mohamed El Maâtaoui ◽  
Anne Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acoustic Cavitation ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Plant Structure ◽  
Olive Leaves ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Polyphenol Extraction ◽  
The Impact

We investigated the impact of ultrasound at 20 kHz on olive leaves to understand how acoustic cavitation could increase polyphenol extraction. Application of ultrasound to whole leaf from 5 to 60 min enabled us to increase extraction from 6.96 to 48.75 µg eq. oleuropein/mL of extract. These results were correlated with Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, allowing for leaf surface observation and optical microscopy of treated leaf cross sections to understand histochemical modifications. Our observations suggest that the effectiveness of ultrasound applied to extraction is highly dependent on plant structure and on how this material will react when subjected to acoustic cavitation. Ultrasound seems to impact the leaves by two mechanisms: cuticle erosion, and fragmentation of olive leaf surface protrusions (hairs), which are both polyphenol-rich structures.

scholarly journals Backgrounds of Computer-Aided Assessment of Morphological Structure in Polymer Drugs-Delivery Microcapsules

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliusz Kulikowski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Quality Assessment Method ◽  
Mathematical Definitions ◽  
Polymer Drugs

Microcapsules are widely used as one of the drug delivery means. The paper presents the backgrounds of a method of microcapsules size and shape assessment by computer-aided analysis of microscope images of microcapsules’ cross-sections. The method has been elaborated and is practically used to the microcapsules quality control at the Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAS in Warsaw. Mathematical definitions of parameters describing the size, shape and inner structure of microcapsules are described in the paper. A general scheme of a computer-aided microcapsules quality assessment procedure is presented. Remarks about the limitations of the applicability of the described microcapsules assessment method are also given. On this basis, directions of future works aimed at improvement of the described microcapsules quality assessment method are suggested.

scholarly journals Preparation and Thickness Optimization of Graphenic-Based Carbon Material as a Microwave Absorber

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1714
Author(s):  
Affandi Faisal Kurniawan ◽  
Mohammad Syaiful Anwar ◽  
Khoirotun Nadiyyah ◽  
Yana Taryana ◽  
Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Reflection Loss ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Microwave Absorber ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Complex Permeability ◽  
Carbon Compounds

The purpose of this study is to optimize the thickness of a layered graphenic-based carbon compound, which is a non-magnetic material derived from biomass (old coconut shell). After the sample was exfoliated using HCl solution, the morphological structure showed that the material used in this study is a reduced graphene oxide (rGO), similar to carbon but with a thickness of less than 10 nm and lateral size in submicron (100 nm). The sample with a 2 mm thickness was then characterized using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure its reflection loss (RL). The measurement result is evaluated by converting the S-parameter values (S11 and S21) from the VNA using the Nicolsson Ross Weir (NRW) method to obtain input variables such as relative complex permeability and relative complex permittivity. Following this, the single-layer thickness of the sample was optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), which can predict the appropriate thickness so that the optimum RL can be obtained. The optimum thickness of the sample was found to be 3.48 mm, which resulted in a much higher RL. The RL was re-measured for verification using a sample with the corresponding optimized thickness, revealing that this optimization is feasibly operational for a radar absorbing material (RAM) design. HIGHLIGHTS Carbon compounds containing graphenic phase derived from coconut shell are functional materials having various unique properties such as superior electrical conductivity, large surface area, and excellent structural flexibility, and microwave absorbtion The single-layer microwave absorber employing carbon compounds has been prepared The layer thickness optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) can estimate the appropriate design with the maximum reflection loss (RL)

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