scholarly journals Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of thiamine in Long Evans rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Sayema Ainan ◽  
Noorzahan Begum ◽  
Taskina Ali
Keyword(s):  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Thiamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical University

Background: Thiamine along with other B vitamins has been prescribed since long for treatment of various painful conditions, though individual effects of thiamine on nociception and inflammation are yet to be clearly demonstrated.Objective: To assess the effects of increasing doses of thiamine supplementation against pain and inflammation.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from March 2014 to February 2015. Total twenty four male Long Evans rats weighing (200±20 gm) were treated with three different doses of thiamine hydrochloride (THCL 100, 200, 250, mg/kg/day; experimental) or normal saline (5 ml/kg/day; control) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. To evaluate the thiamine’s effect on nociceptive pain, early phase (0-5 minutes) and on inflammatory pain, late phase (16-60 minutes) of the formalin test, were observed. In both phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of the right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 ?l, 2.5%) injection. After formalin test, all the rats were also subjected to formalin induced paw edema test using a water plethysmometer to observe the antiinflammatory effect of thiamine. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. In the interpretation of results, p?0.05 was considered as significant.Results: In formalin test, thiamine lowered frequency of jerking (after all 3 doses, in both phases) and duration of flexing and licking (200 mg/kg - p<0.001, in late phases; 250 mg/kg (p<0.001), in both phases) significantly. Additionally, thiamine lowered paw edema significantly (p<0.001) in higher 2 doses.Conclusion: This study concludes that, thiamine may have dose dependent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, June; 11(1): 6-12

scholarly journals Vitamin B12 and ketorolac on pain in Long Evans rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Noorzahan Begum ◽  
Taskina Ali ◽  
Mahadi Abdur Rouf ◽  
Shahriar Masood
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical University

Background: Effects of vitamin B12 on pain have been demonstrated in different animal and human studies. But comparison of these effects with similar effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination have not been established.Objective: To assess the effects of vitamin B12 on pain and also to compare them with those of the combinations of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2015 to February 2016. For this, 20 (twenty) Long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of both sexes were divided into control (A, with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, with B12+KT) groups with 5 rats in each group. All the drugs and vitamin were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour before formalin test. To evaluate the treatments’ effect on nociceptive pain, early phase (1st- 5th minutes); on central analgesic system, interphase (6th-15th minutes); and on inflammatory pain, late phase (16th-60th minutes) of the formalin test, were observed. In all phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of the right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 ?l, 2.5%) injection. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. In the interpretation of results, p?0.05 was considered as significant.Results: B12 lowered only the jerking frequency and KT lowered both jerking frequency and flexinglicking duration significantly (p?0.001) in the late phase of formalin test. On the other hand, combination of B12 and KT significantly (p?0.001) lowered both the study variables in all 3 phases of formalin test.Conclusion: From this study it may be concluded that, vitamin B12 possess analgesic effects and combination of B12 with KT is more effective than those of their individual administration.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2016, December; 11(2): 63-69

scholarly journals ?-Tocopherol and Ketorolac on Pain in Long Evans Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadi Abdur Rouf ◽  
Shelina Begum ◽  
Taskina Ali ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Shahriar Masood
Keyword(s):  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical University

Background: Alpha-tocopherol (áT) is a form of vitamin E that is widely known to be one of the reactive oxygen species scavengers (ROS) and it has been shown to have analgesic effects in different animal and human studies. But comparison of these effects with similar effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination have not been established.Objective: To assess the effects of ?T on pain and also compare them with those of the combinations of ?T with KT in rat modelsMethods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2015 to February 2016. For this, 20 (twenty) Long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of both sexes were divided into control (A, with 5mL/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, with 500mg/kg ?T; B2, with 10mg/kg KT; B3, with ?T +KT) groups with 5 (five) rats in each group. All the drugs and vitamins were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose, just one hour before formalin test.To evaluate the effect of treatments on nociceptive pain, early phase (1st - 5th minutes); on central analgesic system, interphase (6th - 15th minutes); and on inflammatory pain, late phase (16th-60th minutes) of the formalin test, were observed. In all phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of the right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 ?L, 2.5%) injection. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. In the interpretation of results, p?0.05 was considered as significant.Results: ?T lowered flexing and licking duration significantly (p?0.001) in early and late phases. KT lowered flexing and licking duration significantly (P<0.001) in late phase of formalin test. On the other hand, combination of ?T and KT significantly (p?0.001) lowered both the study variables in early and late phase of formalin test.Conclusion: From this study it may be concluded that, ?T possesses analgesic effects and combination of ?T with KT is more effective than those of their individual administration.Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2017, June; 12(1): 21-27

scholarly journals Erratum: Effect of Nigella sativa (Kalozira) oil on pain in Long Evans rats. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol 2018, June;13(1):1-7

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Ismat Ara Jerin ◽  
Noorzahan Begum
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Nigella Sativa Oil ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical University

The author of this article brought attention to publishers that there were errors on page 1,3,4,5 published in previous issue. These errors have been corrected to enhance credibility to readers and the whole corrected article has been published in this issue of JBSP. The online version of the original article can be found at doi:http:/ /dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp,v13i1.37840(http://banglajol.info/ index.php/JBSP/article/view/37840) Background: For thousands of years, Nigella sativa has been used in many countries as a spice as well as a protective and curative remedy for numerous health disorders. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) suppressed pain in animal models. Objective: To assess the effects of Nigella sativa oil on pain after single administration with three increasing doses in rat models. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2016 to February 2017. For this, 20 (twenty) Long Evans rats (200±20) of both sexes were divided into control ( 10 ml/kg of 1% solution of Tween 20) and experimental groups (NSO 0.5, with 0.5 ml/kg NSO; NSO 1, with 1 ml/kg NSO; NSO 1.5, with 1.5 ml/kg NSO) with 5 rats in each group. To assess nociceptive pain, central analgesic system and inflammatory pain early phase (1st-5th minutes); inter phase (6th-15th minutes) and late phase (16th-60th minutes) of formalin test respectively were observed. All the agents were given intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour before the formalin test. In all phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 mL, 2.5%) injection. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results: In early phase, NSO significantly reduced the jerking (p ≤0.001, in all doses) and flexing and licking (p ≤0.001, in higher 2 doses). In interphase, jerking was significantly (p ≤0.01) lowered after 1.5 ml/kg of NSO but flexing and licking significantly lowered by all 3 doses (p ≤0.05, p ≤ 0.001, p≤ 0.001). In addition, in late phase jerking and flexing and licking was reduced by higher 2 doses (p ≤0.001) and all 3 doses respectively (p ≤ 0.001, in all doses). Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that, NSO possess analgesic effect and higher two doses were more effective than lower doses. J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2018, December; 13(2): 84-90

scholarly journals Effect of Nigella Sativa (Kalozira) Oil on Pain in Long Evans Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ismoth Ara Jerin ◽  
Noorzahan Begum
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Nigella Sativa Oil ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical University

Background: For thousands of years, Nigella sativa has been used in many countries as a spice as well as a protective and curative remedy for numerous health disorders. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) suppressed pain in animal models.Objective: To assess the effects of Nigella sativa oil on pain after single administration with three increasing doses in rat models.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from March 2016 to February 2017. For this, 20 (twenty) Long Evans rats (200±20) of both sexes were divided into control ( 10 ml/kg of 1% solution of Tween 20) and experimental groups (NSO 0.5, with 0.5 ml/ kg NSO; NSO 1, with 1 ml/kg NSO; NSO 1.5, with 1.5 ml/kg NSO) with 5 rats in each group.. To assess nociceptive pain, central analgesic system and inflammatory pain ,early phase (1st-5th minutes); inter phase (6th-15th minutes) and on late phase (16th-60th minutes) of formalin test respectively were observed. All the agents were given intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour before the formalin test. In all phases, total frequency of jerking and total duration of flexing and licking of right hind paw were counted after administration of subcutaneous formalin (50 µL, 2.5%) injection. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test.Results: In early phase, NSO significantly reduced the jerking (p ≤0.001, in all doses) and flexing and licking (p≤0.001, in higher 2 doses). In interphase, jerking was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) lowered after 1.5 ml/kg of NSO but flexing and licking were significantly lowered by at all 3 doses (p ≤0.05, p ≤0.001, p ≤0.001,). In addition, in late phase jerking and flexing and licking were reduced by higher 2 doses (p ≤0.001, ) and all 3 doses respectively (p ≤0.001, in all doses).Conclusion: From this study, it may be concluded that, NSO possess analgesic effect and higher two doses were more effective than lower doses.J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2018, June; 13(1): 1-7

scholarly journals Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the topical preparation of Cipura paludosa (Iridaceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antônio Paixão da Silva Neto ◽  
Larissa Dias Menezes ◽  
Gúbio Oliveira Gomes ◽  
Elise Marques Freire Cunha ◽  
Mariângela Soares de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Antinociceptive Action ◽  
Amazon Rain Forest ◽  
Accelerated Stability ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Alho do mato (Cipura paludosa, Iridaceae) is a medicinal plant found in the Amazon rain forest, North of Brazil. It has been used to treat algic, inflammatory and infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive action of the crude Cipura paludosa ethanolic extract at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 4.0% in Oil and Water cream formulations for topical use. The physical-chemical stability of the formulations was monitored over a six-month period with the use of accelerated stability tests. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, we used a paw edema test induced by carrageenan and a formalin test, respectively. The paw edema test showed that there was a statistical difference in the control group in relation to the treatments. The formalin test did not confirm antinociceptive action of the treatments with the extract in the early phase of the test. However, statistical difference was confirmed for the treatments in relation to the control in the late phase. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Cipura paludosa preparations, as demonstrated in the results, at least partially support the ethno-medical uses of this plant.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanol Extract ofElaeagnus oldhamiiMaxim. in Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Ren Liao ◽  
Yuan-Shiun Chang ◽  
Wen-Huang Peng ◽  
Shang-Chih Lai ◽  
Yu-Ling Ho
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Hplc Fingerprint ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

We investigated possible mechanisms of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract from the leaf of Elaeagnus oldhamii Maxim. (EOMeOH). EOMeOHwas evaluated for its analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test, and anti-inflammatory effect was examined by λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. We detected the activities of GPx, GRd and SOD in the liver, and the levels of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, MDA and NO in the edema paw to investigate the mechanism of action against inflammation. Total polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents of EOMeOHwere detected to explore its antioxidant activities. Results showed that, in the analgesic test, EOMeOHdecreased acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, EOMeOHdecreased paw edema at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th h after λ-carrageenan had been injected. EOMeOHincreased the activities of SOD and GPx in liver tissue and decreased MDA, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in paw edema tissue at the 3rd h after λ-carrageenan-induced inflammatory reaction. EOMeOHexhibited abundant polyphenol, flavonoid and flavanol contents. In HPLC fingerprint test of EOMeOH, two index ingredients, ursolic acid and pomolic acid, were isolated from EOMeOHand were exhibited in HPLC chromatographic analysis. The results demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of EOMeOH. It was indicated that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EOMeOHmay be due to declined levels of NO and MDA in the edema paw through increasing the activities of SOD, GPx and GRd in the liver. Additionally, EOMeOHdecreased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 levels in the edema paw. The results suggested its value in future development of herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effects of Scopoletin fromCrossostephium chinensisagainst Inflammation Pain and Its Mechanisms in Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien-Ning Chang ◽  
Jeng-Shyan Deng ◽  
Yi-Chih Chang ◽  
Chao-Ying Lee ◽  
Liao Jung-Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Scopoletin exists in nature as an anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities reagent. In this study, we have investigated the analgesic effects of the scopoletin using the models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and the formalin test, the anti-inflammatory effects of scopoletin using model ofλ-carrageenan (Carr)-induced paw edema. The treatment of ICR mice with scopoletin inhibited the numbers of writhing response and the formalin-induced pain in the late phase. This study demonstrated that the administration of scopoletin resulted in the reduction of Carr-induced mice edema, and it increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) after Carr injection. We also demonstrated scopoletin significantly attenuated the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the edema paw after Carr injection. Scopoletin decreased the NO, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels on serum after Carr injection. Scopoletin decreased Carr-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in the edema paw. These anti-inflammatory mechanisms of scopoletin might be related to the decrease in the level of MDAviaincreasing the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx in the edema paw. Also, scopoletin could affect the production of NO, TNF-α, and PGE2, and therefore affect the anti-inflammatory effects.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extracts from Three Flemingia Species

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 625-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Jen Ko ◽  
Tsung-Chun Lu ◽  
Susumu Kitanaka ◽  
Chia Yu Liu ◽  
Jin-Bin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Flemingia Macrophylla ◽  
Inflammatory Agent ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

I-Tiao-Gung has long been used in the Kinmen area of Taiwan as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of rheumatic illness. The roots of Flemingia lineata (FL), Flemingia macrophylla (FM) and Flemingia prostrata (FP) are also used as I-Tiao-Gung in the Taiwan markets. In the present study, we investigated the analgesic effect of aqueous extracts of Flemingia lineata (FL), Flemingia macrophylla (FM), and Flemingia prostrata (FP) by acetic acid-induced writhing response, formalin test, and the anti-inflammatory effect of FM, FL and FP by λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. We also detected the changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GRx) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of liver in the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FL and FM. The results showed that FL and FM significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin-induced licking time during the late phase (p < 0.001). FL and FM also significantly decreased the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema (p < 0.001). FL and FM significantly increased the GRx and GPx activities in the liver and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the edema paw (p < 0.001). These results indicated that FL and FM possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of FL and FM might be related to the decrease in the level of MDA in the edema paw via increasing the activities of GPx and GRx in the liver and decreasing the NO level in the edema paw.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanol Extract ofKalanchoe gracilis(L.) DC Stem in Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 529-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Rung Lai ◽  
Wen-Huang Peng ◽  
Yu-Ling Ho ◽  
Shun-Chieh Huang ◽  
Tai-Hung Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

In this study, we evaluated the analgesic effect of the methanol extract of Kalanchoe gracilis (MKGS) stem in animal models by inducing writhing response with acetic acid and conducting formalin test. The anti-inflammatory effect of MKGS was also estimated on mice with λ-carrageenan induced paw edema model. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS, we analyzed the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRx) in the liver, and the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in the edema paw tissue. In the analgesic tests, MKGS (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased both the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. In the anti-inflammatory test, MKGS (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) decreased paw edema at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth hours after λ-carrageenan had been administrated. Furthermore, MKGS increased the activities of SOD and GRx in liver tissues and decreased MDA level in the edema paws three hours after λ-carrageenan was injected. MKGS also affected the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and NO induced by λ-carrageenan. All these results suggested that MKGS possessed analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of MKGS might be related to the lowering of MDA level in the edema paw via increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GRx in the liver, as well as the decreases in the levels of TNF-α and NO, and the production of IL-1β in inflamed tissues.

scholarly journals Synergistic Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory Interaction between Vitamin B12 and Ketorolac in Long Evans Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Noorzahan Begum ◽  
Mahadi Abdur Rouf ◽  
Shahriar Masood
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Writhing Test ◽  
Edema Volume ◽  
Bonferroni Test ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Post Hoc

In certain painful disorders, B12 vitamins have been documented to be clinically useful alone or paired with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, it has not been identified to equate these effects with related effects of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and their combination. To test and compare the effects of vitamin B12 on pain with those of the combination of vitamin B12 with KT in rat models. This experimental research was performed at the Department of Physiology, BSMMU. The control (A, A1 with 5 ml/kg normal saline) and experimental (B1, B1a with 15 mg/kg B12; B2, B2a with 10 mg/kg KT; B3, B3a with B12+KT) groups of 5 rats in each group were divided into 40 (forty) long Evans rats (215±35 gm) of either sex. Both medications and vitamins were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose just one hour prior to the writhing and paw edema test caused by formalin. The statistical study was carried out by ANOVA, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test. In the interpretation of outcomes, p≤0.05 was regarded as significant. B12 lowered only the writhing count and KT lowered both writhing appearance latency time and writhing count significantly (p≤0.001) in the writhing test. However, the combination of B12 and KT significantly (p≤0.001) lowered both the study variables in the writhing test. In addition, KT lowered edema volume significantly (p≤0.01) in the paw edema test. The combination of B12 and KT, on the other hand, substantially (p≤0.001) decreased the amount of edema in the paw edema test. It can be concluded that vitamin B12 has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, and that the combination of B12 with KT is more effective than when administered individually.

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