Parasitism potential of Diadegma argenteopilosa (Cameron) (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae), an internal larval parasitoid of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

ENTOMON ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Akshay Mahesh Bhosale
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Mass Multiplication ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Honey Solution

Diadegma argenteopilosa (Cameron) (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera) is an internal larval parasitoid of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), a notorious and polyphagus pest of pulses and vegetables in India. Attempt has been made to initiate their mass multiplication for successful biocontrol programme. Behavioral studies, food stuffs, host selection aspects plays a crucial role in mass multiplication of biocontrol agents. Therefore, present work was conducted to study the optimum host age, specificity and host density for maximum progeny production of the parasitoid under laboratory conditions and later their release in the field for the management of pest species. The parasitoid caused highest mortality in the pest larvae of second instars, 4 day old larvae were attacked most with high percent parasitism, 39.00%. Optimum density for maximum progeny production of D. argenteopilosa was 20, which generate maximum parasitism (43.00%). Host specificity by exposing the parasitoids towards different host species and analyse parasitoid preference by S. litura > Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) > Mythimna separata Walker > Achaea janata (Linnaeus). Nutritional requirement of parasitoid was tested with different foodstuffs and found 50% honey best suited for maximum longevity 8.2 and 11.4 days for males and females respectively. The longevity ratio also female biased, 1: 1.39 (Male: Female). From the results it concludes that D. argenteopilosa fed with 50% honey solution, exposed to 3-5 day old caterpillars of S. litura at density of 20 gave maximum progeny production and effectively utilized in the biocontrol programme.

Parasitism of a frugivorous fly, Rhagoletis cornivora, by the wasp Opius richmondi: relationships to fruit and host density

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Juliano ◽  
Victoria A. Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Cornus Amomum

Recent evidence indicates that characteristics of both host plants and herbivorous insects influence attack of herbivores by natural enemies. We assessed experimentally the effect of fruit density of Cornus amomum (fruits/m3) on percent parasitism of a specialist frugivore, Rhagoletis cornivora (Diptera: Tephritidae), by Opius richmondi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We also examined correlations of parasitism by O. richmondi with number and density of R. cornivora (larvae/m3) in the plant. Parasitism of R. cornivora by O. richmondi was not significantly affected by manipulations of fruit density, indicating that relative size of the fruit crop has little effect on parasitism of the frugivore. Percent parasitism by O. richmondi increased with both number and density of developing R. cornivora in the plant. These results indicate that spatial distribution of R. cornivora larvae is related to risk of parasitism. Rate of parasitism of R. cornivora declined from 66.7 to 18.2% over the active season. These spatial and temporal relationships may have influenced the searching and oviposition behavior of R. cornivora.

SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF METEORUS AUTOGRAPHAE1 ON SOYBEAN LOOPER2 LARVAE ON SOYBEAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND THE INFLUENCE OF HOST DENSITY ON PARASITIZATION3

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Grant ◽  
M. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Pseudoplusia Includens ◽  
Cylindrical Container ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Soybean Looper ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The seasonal incidence of Meteorus autographae Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in soybean fields in South Carolina was monitored at two locations during 1981, 1982, and 1983. In most instances, parasitism of soybean looper larvae by M. autographae was detected 7 to 14 days after soybean looper larvae were first found in the fields. During this three-year study, maximum parasitism of soybean looper larvae by M. autographae within a season ranged from 4.6 to 19.8%. In the laboratory, numbers of hosts parasitized per 24 hours by M. autographae increased with each successive increase in host density. At a host density of 40 larvae per 1.75-liter cylindrical container, an average of 26 hosts were parasitized by one M. autographae during 24 hours. Percent parasitism remained about the same (64 – 70%) at all host densities.

Theoretical basis for the use of pathogens as biological control agents of pest species

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Insect Pathogen ◽  
Cyclic Changes

SUMMARYThe population dynamics of insect–pathogen interactions are examined with the aid of simple mathematical models. Three concepts of central importance to the interpretation of population behaviour are discussed, namely the ability of the pathogen to persist within its host population, the ability to regulate and depress host population abundance, and the ability to induce non-seasonal cyclic changes in host density. The selection of pathogen species or strains to depress pest population growth is discussed and the optimal characteristics are shown to be intermediate pathogencity combined with an ability to reduce infected host reproduction, high transmission efficiency, including elements of vertical as well as horizontal transmission stages. When the pathogen plays a significant role in the regulation of host population growth, it is argued that many insect–pathogen interactions will exhibit non-seasonal oscilations in host and pathogen abundance. Mathematical models are used to explore the patterns of population behaviour that result from the continual introduction of a pathogen into a target pest population. It is shown that there exists a critical introdution rate, above which the eradication of the pest is theoretically possible. Significant reductions in pest population abundance will not occur until the introduction rate approaches this critical value, whereupon the oscillatory behaviour of the interaction between host and pathogen population will be suppressed.A general dicussion is given of the problems arising from the combined use of chemical agents and pathogens for the control of pest species, and the evolutionary pressures acting on host and pathogen populations.

scholarly journals Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Infestations in East Africa: Assessment of Damage and Parasitism

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birhanu Sisay ◽  
Josephine Simiyu ◽  
Esayas Mendesil ◽  
Paddy Likhayo ◽  
Gashawbeza Ayalew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Percent Parasitism

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, threatens maize production in Africa. A survey was conducted to determine the distribution of FAW and its natural enemies and damage severity in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in 2017 and 2018. A total of 287 smallholder maize farms (holding smaller than 2 hectares of land) were randomly selected and surveyed. FAW is widely distributed in the three countries and the percent of infested maize fields ranged from 33% to 100% in Ethiopia, 93% to 100% in Tanzania and 100% in Kenya in 2017, whereas they ranged from 80% to 100% and 82.2% to 100% in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, in 2018. The percent of FAW infestation of plants in the surveyed fields ranged from 5% to 100%. In 2017, the leaf damage score of the average of the fields ranged from 1.8 to 7 (9 = highest level of damage), while 2018, it ranged from 1.9 to 6.8. In 2017, five different species of parasitoids were recovered from FAW eggs and larvae. Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the main parasitoid recorded in Ethiopia, with a percent parasitism rate of 37.6%. Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the only egg-larval parasitoid recorded in Kenya and had a 4.8% parasitism rate. In 2018, six species of egg and larval parasitoids were recovered with C. icipe being the dominant larval parasitoid, with percentage parasitism ranging from 16% to 42% in the three surveyed countries. In Kenya, Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the dominant egg parasitoid, causing up to 69.3% egg parasitism as compared to only 4% by C. curvimaculatus. Although FAW has rapidly spread throughout these three countries, we were encouraged to see a reasonable level of biological control in place. Augmentative biological control can be implemented to suppress FAW in East Africa.

Distribution, host range, and climatic constraints on Centistes gasseni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a South American parasitoid of cucumber beetles, Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cabrera Walsh ◽  
M.M. Athanas ◽  
L.A.B. Salles ◽  
R.F.W. Schroder
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Host Range ◽  
South American ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Diabrotica Speciosa ◽  
Climatic Range ◽  
Northeastern Argentina ◽  
Humid Lowlands

AbstractThe genus Diabrotica includes a large number of pest species, including some of the most important crop pests of the Americas. The parasitoid Centistes gasseni Shaw is the first braconid to be described parasitizing Diabrotica in South America, and high natural infestations are reported. Field and experimental observations on the host range, distribution and biology of this parasitoid are described. Centistes gasseni was collected in southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, in a region comprising humid lowlands and highlands, and cool temperate to warm subtropical climates, with regular rainfall in excess of 1300 mm. Three Diabrotica species, D. limitata (Sahlberg), D. speciosa (Germar) and D. viridula (Fabricius) were found to host the parasitoid, with mean percent parasitism of 5.4, 2.0 and 1.0%, respectively. Diabrotica speciosa and D. viridula are the two most important pest Diabrotica species in South America. Laboratory experiments with field-collected beetles and parasitoid cocoons indicated that C. gasseni overwinters in adult host beetles, remaining dormant in its live host below developmental temperatures. A potential distribution of C. gasseni in North America is proposed based on its known climatic range and the distribution of the main pest species of adult overwintering North American Diabrotica.

Foraging Behavior of Field Populations of Diadegma Spp. (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae):Testing for Density-Dependence at Two Spatial Scales

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Legaspi ◽  
Jesusa Crisostomo Legaspi
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Patch Selection ◽  
Percentage Parasitism ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Parasitoid Aggregation

The foraging behavior of populations of Diadegma spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), was studied in the field. The effect of host density on percentage parasitism was investigated at two spatial scales: that of the individual plant, as well as a “cluster of plants” at low, medium and high densities. Using binoculars, parasitoid searching was observed on host plants at different host densities over an 8-h period. Behavior was compared to that predicted under the Patch Selection Theory. Percentage parasitism was independent of host density at both spatial scales. However, the behavioral studies showed parasitoid aggregation behavior at higher host densities. The population displayed an imperfect preference for higher host densities in the first 4 h of foraging. In the second 4-h period, no preference was observed.

Insecticidal Effects of Triterpene Glycosides Extracted From Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1683-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saksit Nobsathian ◽  
Torranis Ruttanaphan ◽  
Vasakorn Bullangpoti
Keyword(s):  
Triterpene Glycoside ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Contact Toxicity ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Holothuria Atra

Abstract Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is economically important in many countries. Many biopesticides have been developed and studied to control this pest species; however, few natural products from marine organisms have been studied for their pesticidal efficiency. This study compared the acute contact toxicity of solvent extracted from the viscera of Holothuria atra and isolated triterpene glycoside compounds on third-instar S. litura. Our results showed that crude methanolic extracts were the most toxic to the larvae (LC50 ~ 10.37 mg/ml) compared with other crude extracts and contained the bioactive compound 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (LC50 ~ 6.01 mg/ml). All crude extracts and isolated triterpene glycoside compounds inhibited carboxylesterase activity. The efficiency and effectiveness of H. atra extractions and triterpene glycoside compounds against S. litura indicate their potential use in integrated pest management programs and the overall value of marine species as natural sources of insecticidal compounds.

scholarly journals Effect of storage duration on the stored pupae of parasitoid Bracon hebetor (Say) and its impact on parasitoid quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Alam ◽  
MZ Alam ◽  
SN Alam ◽  
MRU Miah ◽  
MIH Mian
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Bracon Hebetor ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Large Numbers

The ecto-endo larval parasitoid, Bracon hebetor (Say) is an important biocontrol agent. Effective storage methods for B. hebetor are essential for raising its success as a commercial bio-control agent against lepidopteran pests. The study was undertaken to determine the effect of storage duration on the pupae of Bracon hebetor in terms of pupal survival, adult emergence, percent parasitism, female and male longevity, female fecundity and sex ratio. Three to four days old pupae were stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks at 4 ± 1oC. The ranges of time for adult emergence from stored pupae, production of total adult, survivability of pupae, parasitism of host larvae by the parasitoid, longevity of adult female and male and fecundity were 63.0 -7.5 days, 6.8-43.8/50 host larvae, 13.0-99.5%, 0.0 -97.5%, 0.00-20.75 days, 0.00-17.25 days and 0.00- 73.00/50 female, respectively. The time of adult emergence and mortality of pupae increased but total number of adult emergence, survivability of pupae, longevity of adult female and male decreased gradually with the progress of storage period of B. hebetor pupae. The prevalence of male was always higher than that of female. Therefore, short-term storage of B. hebetor pupae could be stored for up to 4 weeks without disturbing the functioning of the parasitoid. It is important for sustaining and accumulating large numbers of parasitoids in mass rearing programs and subsequent use of field application.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(2): 297-310, June 2016

scholarly journals Masa hidup imago, progeni, dan kemampuan parasitisasi Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid kutu putih singkong

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Juwita Suri Maharani ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Nina Maryana
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Feeding Development ◽  
Determine Effect

<p>Parasitoid <em>Anagyrus lopezi</em> (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Thailand into Indonesia in early 2014 to control the invasive cassava mealybug, <em>Phenacoccus manihoti</em> Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Research was conducted in laboratory with the objectives to determine effect of honey on adult longevity, to study fecundity, progeny production, and sex ratio, and to evaluate effect of increased host density to parasitization. Studies were carried out by exposing 3<sup>rd</sup> instar nymphs of mealybug to parasitoids. Effect of honey on adult longevity was done in the absence of hosts. Fecundity was measured by the number of mummies formed. Results showed that adult females lived for 3.7 days, while males lived for 3.2 days when only provided water. Adult longevity increased significantly when honey was provided. Parasitoids with access to 50% honey lived almost six to nine fold longer than those provided water. Over its adult life, <em>A. lopezi</em> parasitized 96–287 mealybugs with an average of 203.7 or 34.6% of hosts were parasitized, and 24.86% were killed through host feeding. Development from egg to adult emergence required 17.97 and 17.67 days for males and females respectively. The average number of offspring produced per female was 88.8 individuals, of which 56.9% were females. The number of hosts parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 cassava mealybugs corresponded to a type III functional response.</p>

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