Parasitism of a frugivorous fly, Rhagoletis cornivora, by the wasp Opius richmondi: relationships to fruit and host density

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Juliano ◽  
Victoria A. Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Cornus Amomum

Recent evidence indicates that characteristics of both host plants and herbivorous insects influence attack of herbivores by natural enemies. We assessed experimentally the effect of fruit density of Cornus amomum (fruits/m3) on percent parasitism of a specialist frugivore, Rhagoletis cornivora (Diptera: Tephritidae), by Opius richmondi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We also examined correlations of parasitism by O. richmondi with number and density of R. cornivora (larvae/m3) in the plant. Parasitism of R. cornivora by O. richmondi was not significantly affected by manipulations of fruit density, indicating that relative size of the fruit crop has little effect on parasitism of the frugivore. Percent parasitism by O. richmondi increased with both number and density of developing R. cornivora in the plant. These results indicate that spatial distribution of R. cornivora larvae is related to risk of parasitism. Rate of parasitism of R. cornivora declined from 66.7 to 18.2% over the active season. These spatial and temporal relationships may have influenced the searching and oviposition behavior of R. cornivora.

Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sheng Sheng ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Sheraz Ahmad ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Ying Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Patch Time Allocation ◽  
Meteorus Pulchricornis ◽  
Allocation Decisions ◽  
Patch Residence Time

Abstract Parasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.

SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF METEORUS AUTOGRAPHAE1 ON SOYBEAN LOOPER2 LARVAE ON SOYBEAN IN SOUTH CAROLINA, AND THE INFLUENCE OF HOST DENSITY ON PARASITIZATION3

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Grant ◽  
M. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Pseudoplusia Includens ◽  
Cylindrical Container ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Soybean Looper ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The seasonal incidence of Meteorus autographae Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on larvae of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in soybean fields in South Carolina was monitored at two locations during 1981, 1982, and 1983. In most instances, parasitism of soybean looper larvae by M. autographae was detected 7 to 14 days after soybean looper larvae were first found in the fields. During this three-year study, maximum parasitism of soybean looper larvae by M. autographae within a season ranged from 4.6 to 19.8%. In the laboratory, numbers of hosts parasitized per 24 hours by M. autographae increased with each successive increase in host density. At a host density of 40 larvae per 1.75-liter cylindrical container, an average of 26 hosts were parasitized by one M. autographae during 24 hours. Percent parasitism remained about the same (64 – 70%) at all host densities.

scholarly journals Parasitism of Tuta absoluta in tomato plants by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley in response to host density and plant structures

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1504-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Arantes Faria ◽  
Jorge Braz Torres ◽  
Adriana Maria Vieira Fernandes ◽  
Angela Maria Isidro Farias
Keyword(s):  
Host Density ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Upper Third ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Host Patch

One important factor determining the efficacy of parasitoids is the way they exploit different host patch. This study evaluated the response of females of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to the oviposition sites of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on processing tomato plants. In fully developed caged tomato plants T. absoluta moths were released, followed by the release of T. pretiosum females 12h later. After 24h of parasitoid release, the moth oviposition sites were mapped according to the plant canopy, and levels of parasitism assessed. The parasitism rate varied from 1.5 to 28%. There was not influence of plant structures on parasitism, except for the absence of parasitism on the plant apex. Levels of both T. absoluta oviposition and parasitism by T. pretiosum were higher on the upper third of the plant, decreasing downward along the plant canopy.

scholarly journals Host Plant Volatile Lures Attract Apanteles polychrosidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Ash Trees Infested With Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. McPike ◽  
Maya L. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Green Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
High Release ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Caloptilia Fraxinella

Caloptilia fraxinella Ely (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), the ash leaf-cone roller, is an aesthetic pest of horticultural ash trees (Oleaceae, Genus Fraxinus) in prairie communities across Canada. Because pesticide use is undesirable in urban centers, biological control of C. fraxinella is a preferred approach. The native parasitoid wasp, Apanteles polychrosidis Vierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), has shifted hosts and is the primary parasitoid of C. fraxinella in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and has potential as a biological control agent. Here, in an effort to increase parasitism of C. fraxinella, lures releasing methyl salicylate (MeSA) and two green leaf volatiles (GLVs), [(Z)-3-hexenol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl-acetate], at both low and high release rates, were tested to enhance attraction and retention of A. polychrosidis in infested ash trees. Attraction of A. polychrosidis to baited trees was measured by capture on yellow sticky cards positioned in the tree canopy, and wasp activity was assessed by the parasitism rate of C. fraxinella. More male and female A. polychrosidis were captured on yellow sticky traps positioned in trees baited with the low dose of both MeSA + GLVs than to unbaited, infested ash trees. The increased attraction of wasps did not correlate with an increase in parasitism of C. fraxinella. The high release rate lures did not enhance attraction of A. polychrosidis to infested ash trees. Parasitism rate, however, was negatively correlated with host density in both field experiments. There was no evidence of close-range attraction to lures in an olfactometer assay. Synthetic HIPVs attract A. polychrosidis to ash trees infested with C. fraxinella, but the effect of wasp attraction on parasitism rate requires further research if HIPVs are to be used to enhance biological control in this system.

scholarly journals Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Infestations in East Africa: Assessment of Damage and Parasitism

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birhanu Sisay ◽  
Josephine Simiyu ◽  
Esayas Mendesil ◽  
Paddy Likhayo ◽  
Gashawbeza Ayalew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Percent Parasitism

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, threatens maize production in Africa. A survey was conducted to determine the distribution of FAW and its natural enemies and damage severity in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania in 2017 and 2018. A total of 287 smallholder maize farms (holding smaller than 2 hectares of land) were randomly selected and surveyed. FAW is widely distributed in the three countries and the percent of infested maize fields ranged from 33% to 100% in Ethiopia, 93% to 100% in Tanzania and 100% in Kenya in 2017, whereas they ranged from 80% to 100% and 82.2% to 100% in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively, in 2018. The percent of FAW infestation of plants in the surveyed fields ranged from 5% to 100%. In 2017, the leaf damage score of the average of the fields ranged from 1.8 to 7 (9 = highest level of damage), while 2018, it ranged from 1.9 to 6.8. In 2017, five different species of parasitoids were recovered from FAW eggs and larvae. Cotesia icipe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the main parasitoid recorded in Ethiopia, with a percent parasitism rate of 37.6%. Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the only egg-larval parasitoid recorded in Kenya and had a 4.8% parasitism rate. In 2018, six species of egg and larval parasitoids were recovered with C. icipe being the dominant larval parasitoid, with percentage parasitism ranging from 16% to 42% in the three surveyed countries. In Kenya, Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the dominant egg parasitoid, causing up to 69.3% egg parasitism as compared to only 4% by C. curvimaculatus. Although FAW has rapidly spread throughout these three countries, we were encouraged to see a reasonable level of biological control in place. Augmentative biological control can be implemented to suppress FAW in East Africa.

scholarly journals The tritrophic system hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) - agromyzid leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) - parasitoids (Hymenoptera): effects of herbivore density, host plant patch size, and habitat complexity on parasitism rate

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarbas Marcal de Queiroz ◽  
Maria Alice Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Tritrophic System ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Managed Ecosystems

In this study a tritrophic system was evaluated to measure the contributions of the insect host density and its host plant concentration in simple and diversified habitat on the rate of parasitism. The system was composed of the plant Hyptis suaveolens, two species of agromyzid leafminers, and three morphospecies of parasitoids. The parasitism rate, patch size, and habitat complexity were found to be interdependent. If only the habitat complexity or patch size was take into account the differences in parasitism rate are not significant, although habitat diversity seemed to contribute more than the host plant concentration to increase the parasitism rate. The leaves or plants with different number of mines were equally attacked by the parasitoids. The results were representative of what happened to the leafminers at different host plant densities under the homogeneous and heterogeneous habitat condition. This work could help to reinforce the idea of the importance of the plant diversity for enhancing the biological control of the pests by the parasitoids in the managed ecosystems.

Oviposition Behavior and Development of Aster Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Selected Host Plants From the Canadian Prairies

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2695-2704
Author(s):  
Berenice Romero ◽  
Chrystel Olivier ◽  
Tyler Wist ◽  
Sean M Prager
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Aster Yellows ◽  
Aster Leafhopper

Abstract Some plant pathogens are capable of manipulating their insect vectors and plant hosts in a way that disease transmission is enhanced. Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the main vector of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) in the Canadian Prairies, which causes Aster Yellows (AY) disease in over 300 plant species including cereals and oilseeds. However, little is known about the host range of Aster leafhoppers or their host-choice selection behavior in this geographical region. Several crop and noncrop species commonly found in the Canadian Prairies were evaluated as food and reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers through no-choice bioassays. To study possible effects of pathogen infection, AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects were used. Cereals and some noncrops like fleabane were suitable reproductive hosts for Aster leafhoppers, with numbers of offspring observed in treatments using both AY-uninfected and AY-infected insects, suggesting an egg-laying preference on these plant species. Development was similar across the different plant species, except for canola and sowthistle, where growth indexes were lower. Sex-ratios of Aster leafhopper adults did not differ among the plant species or with respect to AY infection. Potential fecundity differed across plant species and was affected by the infection status of the insect. These findings have implications for AY epidemiology and suggest that while cereals can be suitable host plants for Aster leafhopper oviposition and development, some noncrop species could act as alternate hosts for leafhoppers that migrate into the Canadian Prairies before emergence of cereal and canola crops.

scholarly journals Host-parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Kurotani ◽  
Takanori Wakatake ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
Koji Okayasu ◽  
Yu Sawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Tissue Adhesion ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Shared Gene

AbstractTissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic plants establish intimate relationship with host plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Despite different organs, we identified the shared gene expression profile, where cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes are up-regulated. Among genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species, we showed a gene encoding a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in plants.

Does natural larval parasitism of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) vary between years, generation, density of the host and vine cultivar?

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Xuéreb ◽  
D. Thiéry
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Grapevine Moth ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Abstractpulations of European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Franc, Sauvignon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sémillon) using a natural L. botrana population during the first year, and a natural population supplemented with artificially inoculated individuals during the second year. Levels of natural populations of larval parasitoids were measured by their parasitism rate. The ichneumonid Campoplex capitator Aubert was the most common species collected from L. botrana larvae. Its incidence was higher during the spring compared to summer. The overall parasitism rate found on the experimental vineyard varied from 23% in 2000 to 53% in 2001, and was mainly due to C. capitator. Parasitism was not affected by the grape cultivar on which the host developed but was positively correlated with the host density, per bunch or per stock, suggesting that among the five grape cultivars tested, C. capitator females probably do not discriminate between hosts feeding on different grape cultivars, but rather the densities of L. botrana larvae.

scholarly journals Adventive larval parasitoids reconstruct their close association with spotted-wing drosophila in the invaded North American range

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Abram ◽  
Michelle T. Franklin ◽  
Tracy Hueppelsheuser ◽  
Juli Carrillo ◽  
Emily Grove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Percent Parasitism

AbstractTwo species of larval parasitoids of the globally invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Leptopilina japonica and Ganaspis brasiliensis (both Hymenoptera: Figitidae), were detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2019. Both are presumed to have been unintentionally introduced from Asia, however; the extent of their establishment across different habitats with diverse host plants used by D. suzukii was unclear. In addition, there was no knowledge of the temporal dynamics of parasitism of D. suzukii by these two parasitoids. We repeatedly sampled the fruits of known host plants of D. suzukii over the entire 2020 growing season in British Columbia. We documented the presence of L. japonica and G. brasiliensis and estimated the apparent percentage of D. suzukii parasitized. Across a large region of southwestern British Columbia, both L. japonica and G. brasiliensis were found to be very common across a variety of mostly unmanaged habitats over the entire course of the season (May-October) in the fruits of most host plants known to host D. suzukii larvae. The two parasitoids were responsible for more than 98% of D. suzukii larval parasitism and usually co-existed even within a host species. Parasitism of D. suzukii was variable among hosts plants and sites (0-66% percent parasitism) and appeared to be time-structured. Our study demonstrates that the close association between the two larval parasitoids and D. suzukii that exists in Asia has evidently been reconstructed in North America, resulting in the highest parasitism levels of D. suzukii yet recorded outside of its area of origin.

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