Influence of rice crop stage on the distribution of hymenopteran parasitoids of insect pests

ENTOMON ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
S.J. Reuolin ◽  
N. Muthukrishnan ◽  
M. Paramasivam ◽  
K.S. Subramanian ◽  
N. Maragatham
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Insect Parasitoid ◽  
Host Availability ◽  
Panicle Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rice Ecosystem ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

A total of 43 insect parasitoid species belonging to fourteen families (Aphelinidae, Braconidae, Ceraphronidae, Diapriidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Ichneumonidae, Megaspilidae, Mymaridae, Platygasteridae, Proctotrupidae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae) has been documented in the rice ecosystem using yellow pan trap. The observations were made at four important stages of rice crop like early tillering, active tillering, booting and panicle development. The parasitoids were also compared with the occurrence of sixteen insect pests that were recorded simultaneously in each stage of the crop. The result revealed that, there is a significant difference in the occurrence of parasitoids according to the stage of the crop and insect host availability. This understanding help in the introduction of specific parasitoids at respective stages for effective biocontrol.

scholarly journals Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Er ◽  
Olga Sak ◽  
Ekrem Ergin ◽  
Fevzi Uçkan ◽  
David B. Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Female Wasp ◽  
Host Immune Responses

Parasitic wasps are important natural enemies of several insect pests. They use a variety of methods to modulate their insect host for their progeny to develop. For example, the female wasp needs to avoid or suppress the host immune responses by introducing venom with or without virus like particles and/or polydnaviruses. The aim of this paper is to provide a synthesis of current knowledge regarding the immunosuppression of host immunity with venom in parasitoids that are devoid of symbiotic viruses. Special emphasis is given through disabling host hemocytes by venom of the endoparasitoidPimpla turionellae(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with comparisons of venoms from other parasitoid species.

scholarly journals Potential of Hymenopteran larval and egg parasitoids to control stored-product beetle and moth infestation in jute bags

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Adarkwah ◽  
C. Ulrichs ◽  
S. Schaarschmidt ◽  
B.K. Badii ◽  
I.K. Addai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trichogramma Evanescens ◽  
Venturia Canescens ◽  
Habrobracon Hebetor ◽  
Anisopteromalus Calandrae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids ◽  
Jute Bags

AbstractThe control of stored-product moths in bagged commodities is difficult because the developmental stages of the moths are protected by the bagging material from control measures such as the application of contact insecticides. Studies were carried out to assess the ability of Hymenopteran parasitoids to locate their hosts inside jute bags in the laboratory. The ability of different parasitoids to penetrate jute bags containing rice was investigated in a controlled climate chamber. Few Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) passed through the jute material while a high percentage of Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were able to enter the Petri-dishes. Significantly more L. distinguendus and T. elegans entered compared to H. hebetor. There was significant difference in the mean percentage parasitoids invading depending on species. Head capsules and/or thorax widths were measured in order to determine whether the opening in the jute material would be large enough for entry of the parasitoids. These morphometric data differed depending on parasitoid species and sex. The parasitoid Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) did not enter the bags, but located host larvae inside the jute bags and parasitized rice moths Corcyra cephalonica larvae by stinging through the jute material. Venturia canescens significantly reduced the number of C. cephalonica adults emerging from the bagged rice; therefore, it could be released in storage rooms containing bagged rice for biological control of C. cephalonica. The use of parasitoids to suppress stored-product insect pests in bagged commodities could become a valuable supplement to the use of synthetic pesticides.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION PROJECT ON PRODUCTIVITY AND POVERTY AMONG RICE FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA.

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
O. S. Balogun ◽  
M. A. Damisa ◽  
O. Yusuf ◽  
O. L. Balogun
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Transformation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Late Model

The study was carried out to examine the effect of agricultural transformation on the beneficiary’s productivity and poverty of rice farmers in Kano State Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select 571 respondents for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires on respondent’s income, input and output quantities as well as their expenditures. Data were analysis using descriptive statistics, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Propensity score matching and LATE model. Results from the study shows that respondents productivity revealed a significant difference of about 127 kg/ha in rice productivity between participants and non-participants. Also, the LATE estimates revealed an average treatment effect ATE0 of about 222.98kg/ha. Furthermore, the project had a significant effect N11, 321.4 on the participant’s consumption expenditure than the non-participants N9980.60. Moreover, participants were, able to increase their household total expenditures by N34780 per annum. Fluctuations of input/output prices insect pests and inadequate extension visits were all the major constraints faced by the farmers. It was recommended that farmers’ information and sensitization system should be overhauled and improved. Also, attention should be given to well organize extension visits for the farmers from stake holders

scholarly journals Potassium and Water-Deficient Conditions Influence the Growth, Yield and Quality of Ratoon Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in a Semi-Arid Agroecosystem

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2257
Author(s):  
Rajan Bhatt ◽  
Jagdish Singh ◽  
Alison M. Laing ◽  
Ram Swaroop Meena ◽  
Walaa F. Alsanie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Cane Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Ratoon Sugarcane

Groundwater and soil potassium deficiencies are present in northern India. Sugarcane is a vital crop in the Indian Punjab; it is grown on approximately 91,000 hectares with an average yield of 80 tonnes ha−1 and a sugar recovery rate of 9.59%. The role of potassium (K) fertilizer under both sufficient and deficient irrigation in ratoon sugarcane crops is not well documented. We conducted a split-plot ratoon cane experiment during 2020–2021 at the Gurdaspur Regional Research Station of Punjab Agricultural University, India, on K-deficient soils. Main treatments were fully irrigated (I1) and water stressed (I0) conditions, with sub-treatments reflecting K fertilizer application rates of 0 (M1), 67 (M2), 133 (M3), and 200 (M4) kg K ha−1. The ratoon sugarcane performance was assessed in terms of growth, productivity, sugar quality and incidence of key insect pests. At harvest, trends in the growth and yield parameters in I1 were improved over the I0 treatment, with cane height (+12.2%), diameter (+3.3%), number of internodes (+5.4%), biomass yield (+7.6%) and cane yield (+5.9%) all higher, although little significant difference was observed between treatments. Ratoon cane yield under irrigation was 57.1 tonnes ha−1; in water-stressed conditions, it was 54.7 tonnes ha−1. In terms of sugarcane quality parameters, measured 12 months after harvesting the initial seed crop, values of Brix (+3.6%), pol (+3.9%), commercial cane sugar percentage (+4.0%) and extractable sugar percentage (+2.8%) were all higher in the irrigated treatments than the water-stressed plot. Irrigated treatments also had a significantly lower incidence of two key insect pests: top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) was reduced by 18.5% and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) by 21.7%. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in the highest cane yield and lowest incidence of insect pests compared to other K-fertilizer treatments. Economic return on K-fertilizer application increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. Under the potassium-deficient water-stressed conditions of the region of north India, a fertilizer application rate of 133 kg K ha−1 is recommended to improve ratoon sugarcane growth, yield, and quality parameters and economic returns for sugarcane farmers.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Tannin and Nutrient in Aegiceras corniculatum Leaves in Zhangjiang Mangrove Ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Minshen Huang ◽  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Shudong Wei ◽  
Qi Zeng ◽  
Haichao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Aegiceras Corniculatum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Seasonal dynamics of total phenolics (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), total condensed tannins (TCT) and nitrogen contents in sun and shade leaves of Aegiceras corniculatum were studied in the Zhangjiang Estuary, Fujian Province, China. The contents of TP, ECT and TCT in the sun leaves were significantly higher than those in the shade leaves through the season. The N content in sun leaves was higher than that in shade leaves in the autumn, while it was lower in the summer, and there was no significant difference in the winter and spring. With the respect to the P through the year, P content in the sun leaves was different between seasons, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. In addition, the TP:N and ECT:N ratios in sun leaves were significantly higher than those in shade leaves except in autumn. High tannin levels and TP:N and ECT:N ratios in the sun leaves not only can reduce oxidative stress, but also improve the ability of resisting plant diseases and insect pests.

scholarly journals The Effects of Endophytic Beauveria bassiana Inoculation on Infestation Level of Planococcus ficus, Growth and Volatile Constituents of Potted Greenhouse Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siphokazi Moloinyane ◽  
Felix Nchu
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Significant Difference

Endophytic entomopathogenic fungi are being explored for the management of phytophagous insect pests. The effects of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) inoculation of grape plants on the infestation level of P. ficus, tissue nutrient contents, and growth and volatile constituents of potted grape plants were assessed. Grapevine plants were individually inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 108 conidia mL−1 of B. bassiana by drenching before experimentally infesting each of them with thirty adult females of P. ficus. At four weeks post-treatment, the fungus was re-isolated from leaves of 50% of the fungus-exposed plants. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in all the plant growth parameters measured in the fungus-treated and control plants. Plant tissue analysis revealed markedly higher contents of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the leaf tissue of plants exposed to the B. bassiana relative to the control. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that a significantly (X2 = 5.1; p < 0.02) higher number of known anti-insect volatile compounds (nine) were present among fungus treated plants compared to the control plants (five). Naphthalene, which is toxic to insects and humans, was detected only in the volatiles of the fungus-exposed plants. B. bassiana did not have any significant effect on total polyphenol, alkaloid, and flavonoids. Overall, treatment with fungus did not inhibit the infestation by P. ficus. In conclusion, these findings shed light on some of the mechanisms involved in endophytic fungus-plant-insect interactions.

Paradigm shift of insect pests in rice ecosystem and their management strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (spl) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayabini Jena ◽  
Guru Pirasanna Pandi G ◽  
Totan Adak ◽  
PC Rath ◽  
G Basana Gowda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rice Ecosystem

Rice crop loss from insect pests in wetland and dryland environments of Asia with emphasis on the Philippines

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (4-5-6) ◽  
pp. 677-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Litsinger ◽  
B. L. Canapi ◽  
J. P. Bandong ◽  
C. G. Dela Cruz ◽  
R. F. Apostol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Crop Loss

scholarly journals Spider assemblages associated with different crop stages of irrigated rice agroecosystems from eastern Uruguay

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e24974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bao ◽  
Juaquín Ginella ◽  
Mónica Cadenazzi ◽  
Enrique Castiglioni ◽  
Sebastián Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Spider Abundance ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

The rice crop and associated ecosystems constitute a rich mosaic of habitats that preserve a rich biological diversity. Spiders are an abundant and successful group of natural predators that are considered efficient in the biocontrol of the major insect pests in agroecosystems. Spider diversity in different stages of the rice crop growth from eastern Uruguay was analysed. Field study was developed on six rice farms with rotation system with pasture, installed during intercropping stage as cover crop. Six rice crops distributed in three locations were sampled with pitfall and entomological vaccum suction machine. Sixteen families, representing six guilds, were collected. Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Anyphaenidae and Tetragnathidae were the most abundant families (26%, 25%, 20% and 12%, respectively) and comprised more than 80% of total abundance. Other hunters (29%), sheet web weavers (25%) and ground hunters (24%) were the most abundant guilds. Species composition along different crop stages was significantly different according to the ANOSIM test. The results showed higher spider abundance and diversity along the crop and intercrop stages. This study represents the first contribution to the knowledge of spider diversity associated with rice agroecosystem in the country.

scholarly journals Hymenoptera Parasitoid Diversity in Oil Palm Plantation on PT. Mopoli Raya, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
Aidil Amar ◽  
Husni Husni* ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Syaukani Syaukani
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Immature Oil ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Synthetic Pesticide ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

Hymenopteran parasitoids are biological control agents that contribute mortality to economically important pest of oil palm plantations. In this research we investigated the diversity and abundance of Hymenopteran parasitoids at PT. Mopoli Raya, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Data were collected by adopted a purposive sampling method in mature and immature plantations by using light trap, malaise trap, and yellow-pan trap.  Specimens were identified at Universitas Syiah Kuala and final taxonomic confirmation was conducted at Gadjah Mada University.  We found that the species richness and evenness of the Hymenoptera parasitoid species in mature oil palm plantations tended to be higher than in immature plantations.  It is suspected that in immature oil palm plants (4 years) synthetic pesticide application is more intensive and it has a negative impact on the presence of parasitoids compared to the mature.

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