scholarly journals Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP) Annual Report 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W Coombs ◽  
Denise A Daley ◽  
Shakeel Mowlaboccus ◽  
Stanley Pang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Outcome Programme

From 1 January to 31 December 2019, thirty-nine institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2019 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the E. faecium isolates. Of the 1,361 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 95.2% were caused by either E. faecalis (51.4%) or E. faecium (43.8%). Ampicillin resistance was not detected in E. faecalis but was detected in 91.1% of E. faecium. Vancomycin non-susceptibility was detected in 0.1% of E. faecalis and in 41.8% of E. faecium. Overall, 45.4% of E. faecium harboured vanA and/or vanB genes. For the vanA/vanB positive E. faecium isolates, 49.1% harboured vanA genes only and 50.6% vanB genes; 0.3% harboured both vanA and vanB genes. The percentage of E. faecium bacteraemia isolates resistant to vancomycin in Australia is substantially higher than that seen in most European countries. E. faecium consisted of 78 multilocus sequence types (STs), of which 75.0% of isolates were classified into six major STs containing ten or more isolates. All major STs belong to clonal cluster (CC) 17, a major hospital-adapted polyclonal E. faecium cluster. The predominant STs (ST1424, ST17, ST796, ST80, ST1421, and ST78) were found across most regions of Australia. The most prevalent clone was ST1424, which was identified in all regions except the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Overall, 51.4% of isolates belonging to the six predominant STs harboured vanA or vanB genes. In 2019, AESOP has shown that enterococcal bacteraemias in Australia are frequently caused by polyclonal ampicillin-resistant high-level gentamicin-resistant vanA or vanB E. faecium which have limited treatment options.

scholarly journals Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP) Annual Report 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W Coombs ◽  
Denise A Daley ◽  
Shakeel Mowlaboccus ◽  
Yung Thin Lee ◽  
Stanley Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Australian Capital Territory ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Outcome Programme

From 1 January to 31 December 2018, thirty-six institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2018 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the E. faecium isolates. Of the 1,248 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 93.5% were caused by either E. faecalis (54.2%) or E. faecium (39.3%). Ampicillin resistance was not detected in E. faecalis but was detected in 89.4% of E. faecium. Vancomycin non-susceptibility was not detected in E. faecalis but was reported in 45.0% of E. faecium. Overall 49.3% of E. faecium isolates harboured vanA or vanB genes. Of the vanA/vanB positive E. faecium isolates, 52.9% harboured vanA genes and 46.2% vanB genes; 0.8% harboured both vanA and vanB genes. The percentage of E. faecium bacteraemia isolates resistant to vancomycin in Australia is substantially higher than that seen in most European countries. E. faecium consisted of 59 multilocus sequence types (STs) of which 74.4% of isolates were classified into six major STs containing ten or more isolates. All major STs belong to clonal cluster (CC) 17, a major hospital-adapted polyclonal E. faecium cluster. The predominant STs (ST17, ST1424, ST796, ST80, ST1421, and ST262) were found across most regions of Australia. The most predominant clone was ST17 which was identified in all regions except the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Overall, 55.8% of isolates belonging to the six predominant STs harboured vanA or vanB genes. The AESOP 2018 study has shown that enterococcal bacteraemias in Australia are frequently caused by polyclonal ampicillin-resistant high-level gentamicin-resistant vanA- or vanB-harbouring E. faecium which have limited treatment options.

scholarly journals Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP) Annual Report 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W Coombs ◽  
Denise A Daley ◽  
Yung Thin Lee ◽  
Stanley Pang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Australian Capital Territory ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Outcome Programme

From 1 January to 31 December 2017, 36 institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme (AESOP). The aim of AESOP 2017 was to determine the proportion of enterococcal bacteraemia isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, and to characterise the molecular epidemiology of the E. faecium isolates. Of the 1,137 unique episodes of bacteraemia investigated, 95.2% were caused by either E. faecalis (52.9%) or E. faecium (42.3%). Ampicillin resistance was not detected in E. faecalis but in 89.6% of E. faecium. Vancomycin non-susceptibility was reported in 0.3% and 47.0% of E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively. Overall 50.9% of E. faecium harboured vanA or vanB genes. For the vanA/B positive E. faecium isolates, 49.6% harboured vanB genes and 49.2% vanA genes; 1.2% harboured vanA and vanB genes. The percentage of E. faecium bacteraemia isolates resistant to vancomycin in Australia is significantly higher than that seen in most European countries. E. faecium consisted of 76 multilocus sequence types (STs) of which 77% of isolates were classified into nine major STs containing ten or more isolates. All major STs belong to clonal cluster (CC) 17, a major hospital-adapted polyclonal E. faecium cluster. Seven of the nine predominant STs (ST80, ST1421, ST17, ST296, ST555, ST203 and ST18) were found across most regions of Australia. The most predominant clone was ST17 which was identified in all regions except the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory and Tasmania. Overall 60.7% of isolates belonging to the nine predominant STs harboured vanA or vanB genes. The AESOP 2017 has shown enterococcal bacteraemias in Australia are frequently caused by polyclonal ampicillin-resistant high-level gentamicin resistant vanA or vanB E. faecium which have limited treatment options.

scholarly journals Hyper-Aerotolerant Campylobacter coli from Duck Sources and Its Potential Threat to Public Health: Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Relatedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Ho Guk ◽  
Junhyung Kim ◽  
Hyokeun Song ◽  
Jinshil Kim ◽  
Jae-Uk An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Level Resistance

Campylobacter, a common foodborne human pathogen, is considered sensitive to oxygen. Recently, aerotolerant (AT) Campylobacter jejuni with the ability to survive under aerobic stress has been reported. Here, we investigated the prevalence of hyper-aerotolerant (HAT) Campylobacter coli from duck sources (118 carcasses and meat) and its characteristics to assess potential impacts on public health. Half of 56 C. coli isolates were HAT and most harbored various virulence genes including flaA, cadF, cdtA, ceuB, and wlaN. Moreover, 98.2% of C. coli isolates showed resistance to quinolones, including ciprofloxacin (CIP), and nine (16.1%) showed high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL) and most of these were HAT. Based on genetic relatedness between C. coli from duck sources and those from human sources (PubMLST and NCBI), HAT isolates sharing the same MLST sequence types were significantly more prevalent than those not sharing the same sequence types as those from human sources. Therefore, HAT C. coli is prevalent in duck sources, and is most likely transmitted to humans through the food chain given its aerotolerance. This being so, it might pose a threat to public health given its virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study will assist in improving control strategies to reduce farm-to-table HAT C. coli transmission to humans.

scholarly journals Distribution of epidemic antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal clones in Scottish pneumococcal isolates analysed by multilocus sequence typing

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Smith ◽  
J. Jefferies ◽  
S. C. Clarke ◽  
C. Dowson ◽  
G. F. S. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Clone Sequence ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Type Strains

Sequence types of pneumococci isolated in Scotland between 1996 and 2003 were compared with those of globally prevalent antibiotic-resistant clones. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 252 invasive pneumococcal isolates referred to the Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory. Isolates were not preselected for antimicrobial resistance, patient age or disease caused. Sequence types were compared with globally significant antimicrobial-resistant clones identified by the Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network (PMEN). Sequence types identical with three of the 26 PMEN clones were present in the Scottish collection; the clones were the Spain9V-3 clone (sequence type 156, seven isolates), the England14-9 clone (sequence type 9, eight isolates) and the Utah35B-24 clone (sequence type 377, one isolate). Many Scottish isolates related to PMEN clones had lower antimicrobial MICs than those described for the corresponding PMEN type strain. A number of single- (SLVs) and double-locus variants (DLVs) were present. Fifteen SLVs related to PMEN sequence types 37, 67, 90, 81, 156, 236 and 377 were detected. The collection contained 10 DLVs related to PMEN sequence types 37, 156, 173 and 338. The majority of SLVs and DLVs were penicillin- or erythromycin-sensitive variants of the resistant PMEN type strains. Capsule switching in isolates related to the PMEN clones was also detected. The highest levels of penicillin resistance were detected in sequence type 320 (serotype 19F), which is not a PMEN clone. These data suggest that PMEN clones are not widely distributed in disease-causing isolates in Scotland.

scholarly journals Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates in Shenzhen, China, from 2014 to 2018 Reveals the Shift of Genotypes Significantly Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhun Li ◽  
Yamei Li ◽  
Leshan Xiu ◽  
Yaling Zeng ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ideal Tool ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT The growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a serious global threat to gonococcal therapy. Molecular typing is an ideal tool to reveal the association between specific genotypes and resistance phenotypes that provide effective data for tracking the transmission of resistant clones of N. gonorrhoeae. In our study, we aimed to describe the molecular epidemiology of AMR and the distribution of resistance-associated genotypes in Shenzhen, China, during 2014 to 2018. In total, 909 isolates were collected from Shenzhen from 2014 to 2018. Two typing schemes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae sequence typing for antimicrobial resistance (NG-STAR), were performed for all isolates. The distribution of resistance-associated genotypes was described using goeBURST analysis combined with logistic regression data. Among 909 isolates, sequence type 8123 (ST8123), ST7363, ST1901, ST7365, and ST7360 were the most common MLST sequence types, and ST348, ST2473, ST497, and ST199 were the most prevalent NG-STAR STs. Logistic regression analysis showed that NG-STARST497, MLSTST7365, and MLSTST7360 were typically associated with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Furthermore, the internationally spreading extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant clone MLSTST1901 has been prevalent since at least 2014 in Shenzhen and showed a significant increase during 2014 to 2018. Additionally, MLSTST7363 owns the potential to become the next internationally spreading ceftriaxone-resistant ST. In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive epidemiological study to explore the correlation between AMR and specific STs, which provided important data for future studies of the molecular epidemiology of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae. Besides, these findings provide insight for adjusting surveillance strategies and therapy management in Shenzhen.

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Masoud Shoushtari ◽  
CR Robert George ◽  
Benjamin H Armstrong ◽  
Tiffany R Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae since 1981. In 2019, a total of 9,668 clinical isolates of gonococci from the public and private sector in all jurisdictions were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. The current treatment recommendation for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, continues to be dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility (DS) to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value ≥ 0.06 mg/L) was found nationally in 1.3% of isolates. Five N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates were ceftriaxone-resistant (MIC value ≥ 0.25 mg/L), and therefore also resistant to penicillin; all were resistant to ciprofloxacin but susceptible to azithromycin. These isolates were reported from Victoria (3), non-remote Western Australia (1) and New South Wales (1). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 4.6% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, continuing a downward trend observed and reported since 2017. Isolates with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 256 mg/L) continue to be reported sporadically in Australia, with eight detected in 2019: two each from New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria, and one each from Tasmania and non-remote Western Australia. In 2019, in Australia, 2,136 gonococcal isolates (22.1%) were penicillin resistant; however, there remains considerable variation by jurisdiction, and in some remote settings there is little resistance and this drug is recommended empiric therapy. In 2019, in the remote Northern Territory, no penicillin resistance was reported, however in remote Western Australia six out of 85 isolates (7.1%) were penicillin resistant. There was no ciprofloxacin resistance reported from isolates tested from remote regions of the Northern Territory, and ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low (7/85; 8.2%) in remote Western Australia. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; disease surveillance; gonococcal infection; Neisseria gonorrhoeae

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Rodney Enriquez ◽  
C. R. Robert George
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from all states and territories since 1981. In 2017, there were 7,835 clinical isolates of gonococci from public and private sector sources tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. Current treatment recommendations for gonorrhoea for the majority of Australia, is a dual therapeutic strategy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration or MIC value 0.06-0.125 mg/L) was found nationally in 1.06% of isolates, which is lower than that reported in the AGSP Annual Report 2016 (1.7%). The highest proportions were reported from Victoria and Western Australia (urban and rural) (2.1% and 1.4% respectively). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 9.3% of isolates, which is approximately double the proportion reported in 2016 (5.0%) and more than three times the proportion reported in 2015 (2.6%). The highest proportions were reported from Victoria (13.5%), South Australia (12.8%) and New South Wales (9.3%). High level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥256 mg/L) was reported in 4 strains nationally in 2017, 2 from Victoria, one from New South Wales, and one from Queensland. The proportion of strains resistant to penicillin in non-remote Australia ranged from 10.3% in non-remote Northern Territory to 44.1% in Tasmania. In remote Northern Territory, penicillin resistance rates remain low (2.5%). In remote Western Australia, penicillin resistance rates continue to increase (6.7%) compared to the previous years, however, there were relatively low numbers of strains available for isolate based testing (n=12). To address this and to monitor resistance and inform treatment guidelines, widespread molecular testing for penicillin resistance in Western Australia is in place, and these data are included in the AGSP. The proportion of strains resistant to ciprofloxacin in non-remote Australia ranged from 17.2% in non-remote Northern Territory to 61% in Tasmania. Ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low in remote Northern Territory (1.3%) and remote Western Australia (5.0%).

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated From Dead-in-Shell Chicken Embryos in Shandong, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Zhao ◽  
Zijing Ju ◽  
Guisheng Wang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Fangkun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Sequence Types

The present study was designed to explore the Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics in the context of chick mortality at hatching in China. Between December 2015 and August 2017, 1,288 dead-in-shell chicken embryos were collected from four breeder chicken hatcheries in Tai'an, Rizhao, Jining, and Heze, China. Salmonella isolates were successfully recovered from 6.7% of these embryos (86/1,288) and were evaluated for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, Class 1 integron prevalence, antimicrobial resistance gene expression, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella Thompson (37.2%), and Salmonella Infantis (32.6%) were the two most prevalent isolates in these chicken embryos, and 66.3% of isolates exhibited robust ampicillin resistance, while 55.8% of isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). The majority of isolates harbored the blaTEM gene (74.4%), with the qnrS gene also being highly prevalent (50.0%). In contrast, just 27.9% of these isolates carried Class 1 integrons. These 86 isolates were separated into four sequence types (STs), whereby ST26 (32.2%) was the most prevalent. Overall, these results suggested that Salmonella infections may be an important cause of chicken embryo mortality in China, and that efforts to support the appropriate use of antibiotics in managing poultry populations are essential.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Community-Acquired Enterococci

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 830-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Silverman ◽  
L. A. Thal ◽  
M. B. Perri ◽  
G. Bostic ◽  
M. J. Zervos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Gentamicin Resistance ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
High Level

Fecal samples from 200 consecutive patients admitted to a community hospital yielded 107 enterococci. High-level gentamicin resistance occurred in 10 (14%) of the Enterococcus faecalisisolates. Ampicillin resistance occurred in two (3%) of the E. faecalis isolates and six (23%) of the Enterococcus faecium isolates. There were no vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Risk factors for enterococci with high-level aminoglycoside (gentamicin) or ampicillin resistance included prior hospitalization and previous antibiotic use.

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