scholarly journals Rheological assessment of the interaction between hydrophobic nanoclay and xanthan gum in saline environment, for application in drilling nanofluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e789974669
Author(s):  
Felipe Menezes de Souza ◽  
Juliana Mikaelly Dias Soares ◽  
Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira ◽  
Isabel Cristina Rigoli ◽  
Samuel Luporini
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Hydration Time ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Doehlert Matrix ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

In the last decade, exploration in high temperature and pressure wells has motivated the improvement of drilling fluids with the application of nanoparticles. In this context, nanoclay, the most available of nanoparticles, has been applied in the development of nanofluids, mainly associated with polymers. In parallel, among the polymers used, xanthan gum has been little explored for this purpose. In this work, the interaction between xanthan gum, hydrophobic nanoclay, sodium and calcium chloride and their influence on the rheological parameters of the mixture was evaluated in solution. The influence of temperature and hydration time on the rheological parameters of the mixture was also evaluated. For this purpose, nanoclay was first characterized with XRF, XRD and TGA. Then, a complete factorial design 24 was adopted, varying the concentrations of nanoclay, xanthan, sodium and calcium chlorides. Third, a Doehlert Matrix of the 7x5x3 type was adopted, varying the concentrations of nanoclay, xanthan and temperature, with the concentrations of the constant salts. In the fourth, select the effect of the hydration time on the color rheological parameters. Finally, Conductivity and Potential Zetas of sizes were verified, varying the concentration of the components and the hydration time of the mixtures. It was concluded that the interactions between the components of the mixture do not stabilize; the temperature, the salts have no significant influence on the rheology of the mixture; nanoclay in concentrations not exceeding 5% (m/v) interacts with the Minimum Shear Stress; the rheological parameters stabilize after 96h of hydration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of hydrophylic montmorillonite nanofluids and xantane gum in saline environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e75985305
Author(s):  
Felipe Menezes de Souza ◽  
Juliana Mikaelly Dias Soares ◽  
Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira ◽  
Isabel Cristina Rigoli ◽  
Samuel Luporini
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Hydration Time ◽  
Saline Environment ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Oil Demand

With an estimated increasing oil demand in the coming decades, the need to explore non-applicable areas is intensified, and associated with them, before the high exploration costs, the need to improve available technologies. In this sense, in the last decade, the application of nanoparticles to improve drilling fluids has been intensified. In this scenario, montmorillonite nanoclays and xanthan gums were little explored for the development of nanofluids. In this work, the influence of hydrophilic nanoclay on the rheological parameters of xanthan, sodium and calcium chlorides solutions was verified. For this, first, the clay was characterized by XRD, XRF and TGA. Then, maintaining constant the salt and xanthan concentrations, the influence of the variation in the concentration of nanoclay on the rheology of the solution was evaluated. Then, keeping the components concentrations constant, the influence of temperature was verified and then the hydration time on the rheology of the mixture. Finally, to assess the interaction of the mixture, it was verified the Electrical Conductivity and the Potential Zeta, varying the concentration of the nanoclay and the hydration time. It was concluded that: for certain nanoclay concentrations, there is an improvement in the rheology of xanthan solutions; an addition of nanoclay favors rheology in the mixture of xanthan with increased temperature; hydration time does not affect the rheology of the nanofluid; there is interaction between nanoclay and xanthan.

Zaczyny cementowe z dodatkiem nanorurek węglowych do uszczelniania otworów wiertniczych o wysokiej temperaturze i ciśnieniu złożowym (150°C, 90 MPa)

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-331
Author(s):  
Miłosz Kędzierski ◽  
◽  
Marcin Rzepka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Cement Slurry ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The article presents the results of the influence of carbon nanotubes on the mechanical parameters of cement stones under high temperature and pressure conditions (150°C, 90 MPa). The tests used multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with an external diameter of 10–20 nm and a length of 10–30 μm. Cement slurries contained 0.1% of CNTs bwoc (by the weight of cement). Laboratory tests of cement slurries were carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute. The tests were carried out under conditions of increased pressure and temperature at 150°C, 90 MPa. Cement slurries were prepared on the basis of class G drilling cement. Developing recipes were guided by the requirements to be met by cement slurry for the cementing of casing in the conditions of high temperature and reservoir pressures. The densities of tested slurries ranged from 1900 kg/m3 to 2250 kg/m3 (slurries with the addition of hematite). The cement slurries were tested for density, fluidity, rheological parameters, filtration and thickening time. Compressive strength tests and measuring adhesion were carried out after 2, 7, 14 and 28 days. Cement slurry recipes with very good technological parameters were developed and after curing (after 28 days of hydration) had very high values of compressive strength, reaching up to 45 MPa. Cements were characterized by high values of adhesion to pipes reaching up 7 MPa after 28 days. The research showed significant information about possible applications of carbon nanotubes to modify the cement slurry under conditions of high temperature and pressure. The conducted tests confirmed that the addition of even small amounts of CNTs improves the mechanical parameters of the cement stone compared to the base sample without such addition, and also reduces the thickening time of cement slurries and reduces filtration. It is investigated that CNTs addition increases the viscosity and yield point of cement slurry. As a result, slurries with the addition of MWCNTs will more effectively displace the mud from the borehole and significantly affect the quality of cementation.

Nano-Materials Modified Drilling Fluid for Improving Deep Drilling Conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jamil Abdo ◽  
Muhammad Danish Haneef
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Lower Temperature

Abstract Achieving stability of drilling fluids (DFs) rheology with high temperature and pressure (HTHP) has always seen a growing focus with increasing pursuits of deep drilling operations to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Since, there is no boundary of how deep the drilling technology can be pushed to access deep lying reservoirs, the quest to improve and stabilize the drilling fluids rheology is an open-ended and ongoing matter. This paper presents an investigation of two distinct clays namely sepiolite (SP) and attapulgite (AT) in nano-form as water-based drilling fluid (WBDF) additives for improved and stable rheological properties. The process of material sourcing, characterization, development in nano-form and testing as a drilling fluid additive at low and high temperature and pressure conditions are the main focus of this study. Through experiments it was determined that 30-60nm size range and 4wt% concentration of developed nano-materials yielded the optimal performance. Various tests were then performed at HTHP and the stability of nano-sepiolite (NSP) and nano-attapulgite (NAT) in 4wt% concentration was compared with regular drilling fluid additive (bdf403) which is used as a common rheology stabilizer in the industry. It was found that for NSP and NAT modified drilling fluids, the yield point, plastic viscosity, and gel strength were found to be retained at temperatures and pressures of up to 180 °C and 15 ksi, respectively, in contrast to bdf403 WBDF which deteriorated at much lower temperature and pressure. NSP additives were found to be more effective than NAT additives. The results confirmed a strong dependence of the DF stability on the morphological characteristics of the tested clays, implying that the properties of the DFs can be tailored by modifying the clay morphologies, particularly in the nanoform.

scholarly journals Influence of Polymer Reagents in the Drilling Fluids on the Efficiency of Deviated and Horizontal Wells Drilling

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4704
Author(s):  
Tianle Liu ◽  
Ekaterina Leusheva ◽  
Valentin Morenov ◽  
Lixia Li ◽  
Guosheng Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Dynamic Shear ◽  
High Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer

Improving the efficiency of well drilling process in a reservoir is directly related to subsequent well flow rates. Drilling of deviated and horizontal wells is often accompanied by an increase in pressure losses due to flow resistance caused by small size of the annular space. An important role in such conditions is played by the quality of borehole cleaning and transport capacity of drilling fluid, which is directly related to the rheological parameters of the drilling fluid. The main viscosifiers in modern drilling fluids are polymer reagents. They can be of various origin and structure, which determines their features. This work presents investigations that assess the effect of various polymers on the rheological parameters of drilling fluids. Obtained data are evaluated taking into account the main rheological models of fluid flow. However, process of fluid motion during drilling cannot be described by only one flow model. Paper shows experimentally obtained data of such indicators as plastic viscosity, dynamic shear stress, non-linearity index and consistency coefficient. Study has shown that high molecular weight polymer reagents (e.g., xanthan gum) can give drilling fluid more pronounced pseudoplastic properties, and combining them with a linear high molecular weight polymer (e.g., polyacrylamide) can reduce the value of the dynamic shear stress. Results of the work show the necessity of using combinations of different types of polymer reagents, which can lead to a synergetic effect. In addition to assessing the effect of various polymer reagents, the paper presents study on the development of a drilling fluid composition for specific conditions of an oil field.

scholarly journals Opracowanie receptur zaczynów cementowych do uszczelniania otworów o podwyższonych temperaturach w rejonie Karpat

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-2017
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Cement Stone ◽  
Cement Slurry ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Deep Boreholes ◽  
Mixing Water

Works related to the drilling of a deep borehole must take into account the specific conditions at its bottom. This applies especially to high temperatures, exceeding 90–100°C, and pressures of 60–80 MPa. Such difficult downhole conditions have often posed many problems when developing appropriate compositions of cement slurries used for sealing columns of casing pipes. With each passing year, drilling companies make deeper and more complicated boreholes, more and more often exceeding 3000 m, which require the use of specially developed recipes of cement slurries when sealing the casing column. In deep boreholes (with very high temperature and pressure), a serious problem is to ensure a long pumping time of the cement slurry, which should be characterized by low viscosity, little or no free water and the lowest filtration possible. Therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate retardants that are resistant to high temperatures and additives ensuring the appropriate technological parameters of the slurries and cement stone. Pressure and temperature parameters increase with the depth of the borehole. Reservoir waters (brines of different mineralization) largely affect the hardened cement slurry, therefore cement slurries intended for deep boreholes should contain in their composition additives that increase thermal resistance, delay setting, lower filtration and improve resistance to chemical corrosion caused by the action of brines reservoir. The aim of the laboratory research was to develop innovative formulas of cement slurries for sealing boreholes, both crude oil and geothermal, with increased temperatures (up to about 130°C) located in the Carpathian region. During the implementation of the topic, laboratory tests were carried out on both cement slurries and cement stones obtained from them. Due to the industry’s interest in acquiring energy from sources other than crude oil and natural gas, a broader scope of laboratory tests covered cement slurries for sealing geothermal boreholes with controlled rheological parameters, which can be used at high reservoir temperatures to seal deep boreholes. The cement slurries were prepared with tap water with the addition of potassium chloride in the amount of 3, 6 and 10% bwow (in relation to the amount of water). The following agents were successively added to the mixing water: defoaming, adjusting the setting and thickening time, plasticizing and reducing filtration. Cement slurries were made with the addition of 10% latex and a latex stabilizer in the amount of 1% bwoc (both components in relation to the weight of dry cement). The other ingredients: microcement (nanocement), microsilica, hematite and cement were mixed together and then added to the mixing water. All cement slurries were prepared on the basis of drilling cement G. When all components blended, the cement slurry was mixed for 30 minutes followed by laboratory measurements such as: density, fluidity, readings from the Fann apparatus, water retention, filtration, thickening time. From among the developed cement slurries, those with the best rheological parameters were selected, then samples of cement stones were prepared from them. Cement slurries were cured for 48 hours in an environment of high temperature and pressure (downhole conditions). The obtained cement stones were tested for: compressive strength, bending strength, porosity, adhesion of cement stone to steel pipes.

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Effects of temperature and pressure

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis B. Anderson ◽  
Rade Marković
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxidative Carbonylation ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Carbonylation Reaction ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The influence of temperature and carbon monoxide pressure on the course of oxidative carbonylation reaction of 1,5-cyclooctadiene in the presence of the palladium(II) salts as a catalyst, was investigated.

scholarly journals Lead Recovery from Solid Residues of Copper Industry Using Triethylenetetramine Solution

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 546
Author(s):  
Mateusz Ciszewski ◽  
Andrzej Chmielarz ◽  
Zbigniew Szołomicki ◽  
Michał Drzazga ◽  
Katarzyna Leszczyńska-Sejda
Keyword(s):  
Lead Extraction ◽  
Pressure Leaching ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Lead Carbonate ◽  
Pure Lead ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
High Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Lead Recovery ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Industrial processing of mineral ores and concentrates generates large amounts of solid residues, which can be landfilled or further processed to recover selected elements depending on its economical profitability. Pressure leaching is a technology enabling high recovery of base metals like copper and zinc, transferring others like lead and iron to the solid residue. High temperature and pressure of such leaching leads to formation of sparingly soluble lead jarosite (plumbojarosite). The load of lead landfilled as solid residues resulting from such operation is so big that its recovery is perspective and crucial for waste-limiting technologies. This paper is devoted to lead extraction from pressure leaching residues using triethylenetetramine solution and then its precipitation as a commercial lead carbonate. The highest obtained recovery of lead was 91.3%. Additionally, presented technology allows to manage and recycle amine solution and reuse solid products. Produced pure lead carbonate can be directly added to smelting, not increasing temperature within the furnace.

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