AMBON DI BAWAH ORDE BARU:  TRANSFORMASI KAPITALISME PADA MASYARAKAT PINGGIRAN

ABSTRACT: Using the approach of Karl Polanyi (2014), this paper studies three great transformation take place in Ambon Island during the 1970s t0 1990s. Those transformation are on land, money and transportation. Money transforms local people to acquaint with the price system. On the other hand, the needs of consumption increase when money is introduced. Using money, local Moluccans can send their children to the higher school as well as allocate to buy more machinery works. The machinization also accelerates rural people to work faster and more efficient. The questions from this paper is who are the people who bring all of these social and economic transformations? The author found that the coming of voluntary migrants from Sulawesi, Java, and Padangese any other Island in Indonesia play significant role to change the Moluccan system economic and social systems. These migrants dominate exchanges from the production level in the orchards to the rural and urban marketplaces. They play both as traders and middlemen. The Butonese, migrants from Sulawesi, are the most significant suppliers and middlemen that bring rural commodities to sell to the Chinese Moluccan in the city. Chinese Moluccan mostly are shop owners who do not have a direct in touch with the local Moluccan landowners in the rural areas. They also play a role as moneylender for Butonese to buy cloves and nutmeg from the rural areas. Therefore, it is Butonese that have direct contact with the rural Moluccans. Despite the authoritarian regime of the New Order, in the economic field, the State tend to let people to constitute their own business, before finally in the mid of 1990s, The Clove Support and Trading Board (BPPC) under the authority of Tommy Suharto, the son of Indonesian President, took over the business by monopolize the clove trade system. Keywords: Economic Transformation, ethnic economy, exchanges, middlemen, monetization.

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Lifeline Express: Hospital Train in Rural India

Emerging Economies Cases Journal ◽

10.1177/2516604221977243 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 251660422197724

Author(s):

Jashim Uddin Ahmed ◽

Saima Siddiqui ◽

Asma Ahmed ◽

Kazi Pushpita Mim

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Medical Service ◽

Service Industry ◽

Rural India ◽

Medical Team ◽

Rural People ◽

Quality Healthcare ◽

The People ◽

Medical Facilities

India’s medical service industry is an emerging force in Southeast Asia, which should be recognized. A large portion of the country’s GDP is being earned through this sector. Paradoxically, India’s rural sphere has always been highly deprived of medical facilities even in rudimentary level. This huge imbalance was previously an issue for India to reach to a footing through innovation. India still being a developing country has majority of people living in rural areas where quality healthcare is not only difficult to avail but sometimes even hard to access. In such circumstances, an initiative like Lifeline Express (LLE) has provided the people with access to quality healthcare which has been crucially needed. It is a very simple idea but incredibly complex in terms of execution throughout the whole region. The LLE is a hospital which moves throughout rural India in a form of a fully equipped train. Since 1991, this initiative in India has generated some commendable projects through which it has served many rural Indians. Through this case, it will be comprehensible of how the train and the medical team function and will show the limitations and challenges healthcare in India is facing and how LLE has proved its fantastic ability to fight with the constraints and make healthcare reach the doorsteps of the rural people. Despite the challenges and limitations, it is also been revealed how the journey of LLE has grown from a three-coach train to seven-coach train where patients get treatment of many diseases from the early 1990s to this day.

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Lifeline Express: Hospital Train in Rural India

Emerging Economies Cases Journal ◽

10.1177/2516604220977243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 87-97

Author(s):

Jashim Uddin Ahmed ◽

Saima Siddiqui ◽

Asma Ahmed ◽

Kazi Pushpita Mim

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Medical Service ◽

Service Industry ◽

Rural India ◽

Medical Team ◽

Rural People ◽

Quality Healthcare ◽

The People ◽

Medical Facilities

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Smear Positive Tuberculosis Cases in Rajshahi District A Comparison Between Rural and Urban Areas

TAJ Journal of Teachers Association ◽

10.3329/taj.v17i2.3456 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 104-105

Author(s):

W Wasim Hussain ◽

M Azizul Haque ◽

Laila Shamima Sharmin ◽

ARM Saifuddin Ekram ◽

M Fazlur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Case Finding ◽

Sputum Smear ◽

Case Detection Rate ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Rural Settings ◽

The City

This study was designed to know the case finding of sputum smear positive tuberculosis in Rajshahi district and also to see whether case finding was different in urban and rural settings. Our study reveals that case finding rate of smear positive tuberculosis cases in the city corporation area and rural areas of Rajshahi district are 52% and 28% respectively. Case detection rate of total Rajshahi district was 33%. Stronger efforts are needed to reach the national target of detecting 70% new smear positive TB cases by the end of 2005. doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3456 TAJ 2004; 17(2): 104-105

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Synergizing Folklore and Urban Values for Sustainable Liveability

International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change ◽

10.4018/ijissc.287830 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 0-0

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Natural Resources ◽

Spiritual Education ◽

Rural People ◽

City Life ◽

Global Sustainability ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Common ◽

The City ◽

Common Future

The synergy between rural and urban values is depicted as the source for local and global sustainability. This paper asserts that the folklore tradition of the rural people of Bangladesh promotes sustainability through their respect for nature, spiritual education and the common future of generations. Such values are embedded in the country’s economy, schools, media and other institutions where these messages are taught, articulated and promoted. The positive spiritual dispositions of rural people in Bangladesh towards natural calamities allow them to interpret such events as nature's tools for managing sustainable liveability. Bangladeshi rural communities also enjoy self-reliant living without destroying the country's base of natural resources in contrast to the city dwellers. Thus, the paper aims to establish that the implements for achieving global sustainability could be embedded in “rural modernization” – a way of blending rural values and folklore in city life.

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Contribution to the Analysis of Depopulation in Rural Areas of the Balkans: Case Study of the Municipality of Niksic, Montenegro

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3328

Author(s):

Biljana Mickovic ◽

Dragica Mijanovic ◽

Velibor Spalevic ◽

Goran Skataric ◽

Branislav Dudic

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Population Decline ◽

The Balkans ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

State Enterprises ◽

The City

This paper analyses demographic trends and population decline of the rural area surrounding Niksic, Montenegro, from the second half of the 20th century to the first two decades of the 21st century. After World War II, industry in Niksic began to develop strongly. A large number of state enterprises started to operate, and the consequent industrialisation and improved living conditions triggered a wave of migration from the surrounding rural areas to Niksic. The paper describes the depopulation of rural areas and the causes and consequences of migration within the Municipality of Niksic based on an analysis of population movement and density, the rural and urban populations, and the age structure of the population. Transformations of the economy after 1990 indicate that the neglect of agriculture and the destruction of agricultural land are mistakes that will prove difficult to correct. The results of our research reveal that, today, revitalisation of the countryside is only possible if non-agricultural activities are brought to the area centres and the quality of life is improved in the villages, which would reduce unemployment in the city. A solid traffic infrastructure between individual settlements and their connection with the city is also necessary. Between 2003 and 2011, the agricultural population increased by 1.2%, which gives hope because agriculture is now being recognised as significant, and a movement for changing the inherited negative perception of it is being created. This research is addressed to the state and municipal administrations of the region with the message to implement responsible and timely measures to revitalise the countryside and stop the extinction of the villages.

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The Role of Provide Survice Small Town in Rural–Urban Linkages for Sustainable Development: A case of rural-urban linkage of Malda district, West Bengal, India

iJARS International Journal of Economics and Commerce ◽

10.20908/ijarsijec.v2i4.3775 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Anik Saha

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Institutional Constraints ◽

Service Development ◽

Trade Policies ◽

Trade Networks ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The City

Rural–urban linkages play a fundamental role in the generation of service, development, health treatment and wealth. Yet, for various reasons the importance of such linkages is not recognized and thus unnoticed in rural economic and trade policies. The present paper investigates infrastructure problem, institutional constraints and dependency rural area on near rural service trade barriers that tend to discourage linkages between rural and urban areas and thus prevent a process of rural empowerment and economic development. The findings of our review indicate that clustering rural and urban areas into regional planning units may create the necessary enabling environment for extensive trade networks and knowledge switch over between the city and the neighbor rural-side. As such, stronger rural–urban linkages could also play a crucial role in fulfill rural areas demand in developing countries.

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The Great Migration in Comparative Perspective

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/s0145553200021787 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 349-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Trent Alexander

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Comparative Perspective ◽

Great Migration ◽

Rural People ◽

The Great Migration ◽

The City

Sociologists, demographers, and historians of the last few decades have pieced together a dramatically new understanding of the meaning of past migrations. The old story held that industry pulled recently dispossessed rural people to the city, where—along with deskilled artisans—they became part of a growing urban industrial proletariat. For migrants from rural areas, the process was thought to be catastrophic, requiring a total and often impossible adjustment to an urban world that was different in just about every imaginable way. Recent scholars have distanced themselves from this framework.

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KARAKTERISTIK DAN POLA PERGERAKAN PENDUDUK KOTA BATAM DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN WILAYAH HINTERLAND

JURNAL DIMENSI ◽

10.33373/dms.v4i1.33 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Imam Setyohadi

Keyword(s):

Travel Time ◽

Public Transportation ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Industrial Area ◽

City Center ◽

The People ◽

The Many ◽

The City

Batam Island’s role as an industrial development center causes fast-paced growth in many sectors with an uneven inhabitant distribution. With most people inhabit the Batam city.The hinterland area is characterised by islands and housing pattern of community clusters in the form of fishermen’s neighborhood along the coastal region with most of the houses are semi-permanent buildings. Most of people’s activities there are consisted of fishing. With limited infrastructure, the mode of transportation used in between the many islands there is with motor boats (Pancung). This is very much in contrast with the condition down the Batam City, in terms of its socio-economic, housing and other aspects.This research is aimed at figuring out the reason as to why people prefer to have their house located in rural areas and finding out the characteristic pattern of people’s movement around the Batam Island.Samples were taken using the sample random proporsional method. Samples were taken randomly from many districts with a proper ratio of people from weak, middle and upper class economic strata. The data were then analyized with cross classification.Results show that people chose rural areas because that where the industrial locations are so that it is closer for them to go to work, and the housin price or rent there are relatively cheaper too. Whereas people who chose to live in the Batam City do so because they want to improve their livelyhood by opening up alternative businesses other than working within the industry.People’s traveling destination is in and around the rural areas because it is where the industries are located evenly and the rest of them travel to the areas surrounding Batam Island. Such as people of Nongsa, 23% of the travel to the Kabil industrial area, and 12% of them go to the city center (Nagoya). In contrast, people of the Sekupang District, 29% of them travel only in and around Sekupang area. Other than that only 2% of Batam inhabitants travel to the islands surrounding Batam Island. Whereas for the people of Sei Beduk, 29% of them go to Muka Kuning and 14% of them to the city center. And for the people of Lubuk Baja District, 32% of them go to the city center (Nagoya), because it is actually the CBD center.The type of transportation used by people in rural areas are mostly private vehicles because they are thought to be more comfortable and safe, as is the case for Nongsa and Sekupang. Nonetheless, 2% of Sekupang inhabitants use motor boats to travel to the islands surrounding Batam Island. In Nongsa, 36% of the people use motorcycle, public transportation account for 32%, and in Sekupang car owners are around 35%. Contrary, the people of Sei Beduk are mostly using public transportation, 42%, due to the already availabel public road and vehicles and only 34% use cars.As for the distance covered by those people, Nongsa and Sekupang residents are 42% cover around 5-10 Km with a travel time of 20-30 minutes a day. Whereas the people of Sei Beduk, 45% of them only cover 105 km in around 10 minutes a day due to the proximity of their living place with the industrial location.On the other hand, Lubuk Baja (city center) people are 43% using cars, for the are much more comfortable and allow them to have higher mobility. And only 31% of the inhabitants there use public transportation. Most of the people there cover 1-5 km (52%) to 5-10 km (27%) a day with a travel time of around 10 to 20-30 minutes.

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But in the night we are all the same

10.32469/10355/4095 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sally Hartin-Young

Keyword(s):

Gender Identity ◽

Social Control ◽

Social Systems ◽

Power Structures ◽

The People ◽

Female Protagonist ◽

The Future ◽

To Come ◽

The City ◽

Gender Specific

But In the Night We Are All the Same, a critical dystopian novel, explores the creation and perpetuation of power structures, gender identity, and desire. The protagonist, Lemon, is a member of the oppressed class. She lives in a nameless city where she and her peers are kept endlessly alive by "hospital machines," a technology that cures every illness and prolongs life. The ruling group (the Those That) uses mindcontrol technologies known as noodles and stroodles to compel the oppressed class to buy the items they see advertised and to make them perform various violent, sexual and degrading acts for the Those That's amusement. Although the people of the city dislike aspects of their lives, most worship and admire the Those That as much as they fear them. Lemon's partner and love interest Astrix, once a member of the Those That, has had his memory erased and must struggle to find out his identity and to come to terms with who he is once he remembers his past. Lemon and Astrix help each other to resist and to determine their identities. Like other modern dystopian novels, this one focuses on an individual's struggle to resist the society and ends with a hopeful conclusion that shows that a better society can exist in the future. Additionally, this novel uses a female protagonist to illustrate the ways in which a person can be oppressed in both gender-specific and non-gender-specific ways. It also illustrates the power structures that lie beneath social systems, and examines how people's desires can be manipulated into a form of social control.

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Cities and Rural Transformation

Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 172-204

Author(s):

Xinshen Diao ◽

Peixun Fang ◽

Eduardo Magalhaes ◽

Stefan Pahl ◽

Jed Silver

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Rural Households ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Economic Transformation ◽

Small Cities ◽

Rural Transformation ◽

Rural Employment ◽

Technological Adoption ◽

Urbanized Areas ◽

The City

The chapter focuses on answering four broad questions relevant to economic transformation in Ghana. First, are patterns of rural employment changing with urbanization and do these changes have any spatial patterns that are associated with proximity to cities of different sizes? Secondly, what are the impacts of rural transformation on the youth in the rural areas? Thirdly, what are the impacts of urbanization on agricultural intensification for youth and non-youth? Finally, what are the welfare or income implications of the rural transformation that has created heterogeneous livelihood opportunities? Proximity to cities has a strong effect on the exit of rural households from agriculture, and this trend is stronger with increases in the size of the city. Only when considering youth-headed rural households, do they become more likely to exit agriculture everywhere including in northern districts with small cities. Technological adoption is higher among youth in the more urbanized areas. Rural poverty rates appear consistently lower among non-agricultural households.

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