scholarly journals Cities and Rural Transformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-204
Author(s):  
Xinshen Diao ◽  
Peixun Fang ◽  
Eduardo Magalhaes ◽  
Stefan Pahl ◽  
Jed Silver
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Rural Transformation ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Technological Adoption ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
The City

The chapter focuses on answering four broad questions relevant to economic transformation in Ghana. First, are patterns of rural employment changing with urbanization and do these changes have any spatial patterns that are associated with proximity to cities of different sizes? Secondly, what are the impacts of rural transformation on the youth in the rural areas? Thirdly, what are the impacts of urbanization on agricultural intensification for youth and non-youth? Finally, what are the welfare or income implications of the rural transformation that has created heterogeneous livelihood opportunities? Proximity to cities has a strong effect on the exit of rural households from agriculture, and this trend is stronger with increases in the size of the city. Only when considering youth-headed rural households, do they become more likely to exit agriculture everywhere including in northern districts with small cities. Technological adoption is higher among youth in the more urbanized areas. Rural poverty rates appear consistently lower among non-agricultural households.

Implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Manipur (2015-16): An Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Khundrakpam Romenkumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
The State ◽  
Mahatma Gandhi ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
The People ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
Employment Guarantee Scheme

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is demand driven , self targeting employment generating poverty alleviation scheme which was launched by the UPA government in 2005 with full of hope to eradicate the problems of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of India by targeting to provide at least 100 days of employment at each rural households. It is the only employment-generating programme, that a beneficiary can claim legally. The scheme was introduced in Manipur in the year 2008 with lot of hope to minimise the problem of poverty and unemployment in the state but after the eight years of implementation, the programme failed to deliver the expectations the people had on it. In this paper, an assessment of the performance of MGNREGS in Manipur of the year 2015-16 has been made.

Forest Income and Rural Livelihoods in West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 232102222110243
Author(s):  
Biswajit Ray ◽  
Promita Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Forest Income ◽  
Poverty And Inequality

To what extent forests contribute to rural livelihoods in developing countries? To find a plausible answer for this, this article explores whether inclusion of forest income to rural households’ total income accounts reduces poverty and income inequality, and also enables rural households to cope with shocks. To this end, we conducted household surveys in eight forest-dependent villages in the Indian state of West Bengal between August 2016 and August 2017. Using data from 407 sample households, we measured forest income of a household as the aggregate monetary value of resources extracted solely from forest ecosystem and compared this with other economic activities of the households. We calculated poverty indices and Gini coefficient with and without forest income, and we employed regression and Gini decomposition techniques to assess the safety net role and relative contribution of forest income to reducing rural poverty and inequality when compared to other sources of income. We found that the addition of forest income to household accounts significantly reduces measured poverty and inequality. Besides, the sample households, especially the poor, extract more from forests to cope with severe covariate shocks due to greater income certainty and thus adopt forest-dominated coping strategy in time of shocks and crises. The implication is that forest income needs to sustainably flow to the poor along with the development of better safety nets in forested rural areas in order to improve the forest-based rural livelihoods in developing countries like India. JEL Codes: Q23, Q56, Q57

scholarly journals Rural Nonfarm Enterprises in Tanzania’s Economic Transformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-250
Author(s):  
Xinshen Diao ◽  
Eduardo Magalhaes ◽  
Margaret McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Rural Transformation ◽  
Rural Businesses ◽  
Numerous Data ◽  
Nonfarm Economy ◽  
Enterprise Success

The chapter explores the nature of rural nonfarm activities to better understand their contribution to the economic development and diversification of rural areas or rural transformation. Numerous data sources are used to demonstrate rural household participation in the nonfarm economy. They also reveal heterogeneity in firm productivity by sector. Using a probit analysis, we identify the characteristics of firms that make them more likely to fall into a category of ‘high potential’ firms in order to better understand the correlates of enterprise success in rural areas. We found the following for rural businesses: (i) those owned by females are less productive; (ii) businesses that operate full-time are more productive; (iii) businesses operated by owners who live in households that are not poor are more productive; (iv) owners who see their businesses as growing are more productive; and (v) businesses with more customers and regional (vs local) customers are more productive.

scholarly journals AMBON DI BAWAH ORDE BARU: TRANSFORMASI KAPITALISME PADA MASYARAKAT PINGGIRAN

DIALEKTIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Hatib Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
New Order ◽  
Karl Polanyi ◽  
Rural People ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT: Using the approach of Karl Polanyi (2014), this paper studies three great transformation take place in Ambon Island during the 1970s t0 1990s. Those transformation are on land, money and transportation. Money transforms local people to acquaint with the price system. On the other hand, the needs of consumption increase when money is introduced. Using money, local Moluccans can send their children to the higher school as well as allocate to buy more machinery works. The machinization also accelerates rural people to work faster and more efficient. The questions from this paper is who are the people who bring all of these social and economic transformations? The author found that the coming of voluntary migrants from Sulawesi, Java, and Padangese any other Island in Indonesia play significant role to change the Moluccan system economic and social systems. These migrants dominate exchanges from the production level in the orchards to the rural and urban marketplaces. They play both as traders and middlemen. The Butonese, migrants from Sulawesi, are the most significant suppliers and middlemen that bring rural commodities to sell to the Chinese Moluccan in the city. Chinese Moluccan mostly are shop owners who do not have a direct in touch with the local Moluccan landowners in the rural areas. They also play a role as moneylender for Butonese to buy cloves and nutmeg from the rural areas. Therefore, it is Butonese that have direct contact with the rural Moluccans. Despite the authoritarian regime of the New Order, in the economic field, the State tend to let people to constitute their own business, before finally in the mid of 1990s, The Clove Support and Trading Board (BPPC) under the authority of Tommy Suharto, the son of Indonesian President, took over the business by monopolize the clove trade system. Keywords: Economic Transformation, ethnic economy, exchanges, middlemen, monetization.

scholarly journals PRECONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISTANCE EMPLOYMENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Mariya MAKHSMA ◽  
◽  
Volodymyr GAVRYLOV ◽  
Sergii VOLOSHCHUK ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Computer Literacy ◽  
Sharp Reduction ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The City

The article presents the results of the questionnaire of the rural population regarding its satisfaction with employment. The relevance of this study is due to a sharp reduction of jobs in the agrarian sector and the need to find non-standard, innovative forms of rural employment to provide peasants with work in the place of residence. The purpose of the article is to publish the results of the survey of villagers regarding their perception of distance employment and the substantiation of proposals for its development in rural areas. The questionnaire covered 622 villagers from 22 regions of Ukraine. The survey revealed that only a third of the residents have a permanent job in their village, of which almost 40% are engaged in agriculture. The overwhelming majority of respondents are dissatisfied with their employment. Among the reasons for dissatisfaction, almost half of respondents called low wages. More than a third of the peasants complained about the harsh working conditions. Regarding the ways to improve their employment, more than a quarter of the rural residents surveyed expressed their desire to go abroad for work, and every fourth peasant sees improvement in his employment in finding a job in the city. It was also found that one third of peasants are interested in distance employment and ready to master information technology. Based on the survey conducted, the preconditions for the development of distance employment in rural areas are identified, namely: development of rural information and communication infrastructure; popularization of distant employment among peasants; organizing and conducting computer literacy courses in villages and the like. The development of distance employment will contribute to raising the income level of the rural population.

Pathways to Urban Residency and Subjective Well-Being in Beijing

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Juan Chen ◽  
Shenghua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Major Scale ◽  
The City

Size of population, sources of population, and distribution of population within the city, according to Park, are the first things we should establish when studying a city. During the past 30 years, the composition of China’s urban population has changed considerably. While studies have focused intensively on migrants who leave rural areas to work in urban centres, this chapter draws attention to a number of other modes of migration also occurring on a major scale in China, including those of urban-to-urban migrants from townships and small cities to large metropolises and in-situ urbanized rural residents who became urbanites because their land was reclassified as urban. Based on two waves of a household survey undertaken in Beijing in 2013 and 2015, our study highlights the effects of the divergent pathways to urban residency on individuals’ subjective well-being.

scholarly journals Transformation of labor participation on off-farm diversification: insights from rural households in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012015
Author(s):  
D N Asih
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Income Sources

Abstract This study analyses the rural transformation and the determinants of off-farm work diversification in Indonesia. Based on employment growth, the study explores the transformation of the labour sector to off-farm work as an alternative income source in mitigating the decreasing carrying capacity of the agricultural sector. Using a panel data set from rural households in Central Sulawesi, the study applied a random logit model to account for the determinants of off-farm participation and economic mobility over time. The results show that crop failure is a key driver of off-farm work diversification which is further compounded by several factors including asset holdings, the age and education level of the household head by 51.1%, 21.77%, 1.59% and 18.59% respectively. These results confirm that ‘these push’ factors are motivating the rural household on off-farm labour allocation, which indicate the implications of economic transformation through the diversification of income sources and labour allocation away from agriculture subsystems in rural areas in Indonesia.

Disadvantage, Disorder, and Urban Mistrust

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Ross ◽  
John Mirowsky ◽  
Shana Pribesh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Neighborhood Disorder ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
Disadvantaged Neighborhood ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

Does life in the city foster mistrust of others? This study tests four connected hypotheses about urban mistrust by comparing the City of Chicago to suburbs, small cities, towns, and rural areas. The Urban Mistrust Hypothesis is that urban residents are more mistrusting than residents of places outside the city. The Neighborhood Disadvantage Hypothesis is that mistrust increases with the prevalence of economic and social disadvantage in one's neighborhood, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with urban residence. The Individual Disadvantage Hypothesis is that socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals are more mistrusting than others, which accounts for some of the mistrust associated with residence in Chicago and in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The Neighborhood Disorder Hypothesis is that mistrust correlates positively with observing signs of disorder in one's neighborhood such as graffiti, vandalism, run‐down or abandoned buildings, noise, crime, and people hanging out on the streets, drinking, or taking drugs; and disorder mediates some of the effects of residence in the city and in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Some, but not all, of the association between disorder and mistrust is mediated by criminal victimization. We examine these hypotheses using the Community, Crime and Health data, which is a 1995 survey of a representative sample of 2,482 Illinois residents linked to contextual data on their neighborhoods. We find results consistent with all four hypotheses. The mean level of mistrust reported by residents of Chicago is more than half a standard deviation above that of people living elsewhere. Most of the higher mistrust in Chicago can be attributed to three related things: neighborhood disadvantage, individual disadvantage, and neighborhood disorder; but even with adjustments for disadvantage and disorder, urban residents report more mistrust.

scholarly journals Youth Mobility and its Role in Structural Transformation in Senegal

2019 ◽  
pp. 251-276
Author(s):  
Elisenda Estruch ◽  
Lisa Van Dijck ◽  
David Schwebel ◽  
Josee Randriamamonjy
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Nonfarm Employment ◽  
Over Time

This chapter uses multiple data sources to illustrate the transitions made by youth over time either to the rural non-farm economy or to urban areas. Descriptives are given to the motivations and constraints youth face when engaging in the RNFE or in migrant labour. The findings suggest that there are limited rural employment opportunities for youth, leading to a slow pace of rural poverty reduction. Rural youth still work mainly in poor quality jobs in agriculture, although they increasingly try: (i) to diversify their and their family’s income by engaging in nonfarm employment, or (ii) to look for options outside rural areas by migration to urban areas or abroad. We review the main policies and programmes implemented in Senegal to examine potential for reform towards pro-transformative youth employment.

The Effects of youth rural-urban migration on the socio-economic aspects of migrant-sending rural households; the case of Yaya Gulale woreda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jambo Dadi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Youth Migration ◽  
Migrant Households ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Youth migration is becoming a world-wide pandemic. In developing countries like Ethiopia rural-urban migration is continuing to occur at high levels as people seek new opportunities in the city to escape from rural poverty. Young people leave their villages and even their countries because of the limited potential for development inside their community. The effects of this exodus of youth can simultaneously affects development in both urban and rural areas. To this end, this study was conducted to assess the effects of youth rural-urban migration on the socio-economic aspects of migrant sending rural households. In order to generate extensive data, the study was employed cross-sectional qualitative research design. Study participants were selected via purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Both primary and secondary data were employed; in-depth interview, key informant interview and focus group discussion were used to collect the first hand information from study participants. Data generated through different data collection instruments triangulated for their reliability and validity purpose and analyzed by using thematic analysis. Finding from this study reveals that youth rural-urban migration is a burden as well as opportunity for migrant sending rural households. Hence, the out flows of economically active people from rural agricultural sector reduce the availability labor force migrant households are experiencing shortage of labor which adversely affects their productivity. Moreover, rural youth migration put the life of rural elderly parents at risky as much as it takes away the care givers thereby exposes them for loneliness and depression. On the other side, youth rural outmigration is an opportunity for migrant sending households as much as the money sent back from migrants helped family left behind in improving their livelihood. It is recommended that in order to minimize the rate of rural youth migration social amenities should be provided by government and awareness should be given for migrant households on the best use of remittance to maximize its long-term benefits.

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