scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides in Saliva and Salivary Glands: Their Roles in the Oral Defense System

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Mori ◽  
Hiroshi Takeuchi ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
Shinichiro Sumitomo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Defense System

Antimicrobial Peptides - Small but Mighty Weapons for Plants to Fight Phytopathogens

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 720-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Karabi Datta ◽  
Subhasis Karmakar ◽  
Swapan K. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Pathogen Entry

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) have diverse structures, varied modes of actions, and can inhibit the growth of a wide range of pathogens at low concentrations. Plants are constantly under attack by a wide range of phytopathogens causing massive yield losses worldwide. To combat these pathogens, nature has armed plants with a battery of defense responses including Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). These peptides form a vital component of the two-tier plant defense system. They are constitutively expressed as part of the pre-existing first line of defense against pathogen entry. When a pathogen overcomes this barrier, it faces the inducible defense system, which responds to specific molecular or effector patterns by launching an arsenal of defense responses including the production of AMPs. This review emphasizes the structural and functional aspects of different plant-derived AMPs, their homology with AMPs from other organisms, and how their biotechnological potential could generate durable resistance in a wide range of crops against different classes of phytopathogens in an environmentally friendly way without phenotypic cost.

scholarly journals Plant Defensins: Novel Antimicrobial Peptides as Components of the Host Defense System

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1353-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Broekaert ◽  
FRG. Terras ◽  
BPA. Cammue ◽  
R. W. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Plant Defensins ◽  
Host Defense System

Antimicrobial peptides: Effector molecules of the cutaneous defense system

2007 ◽  
Vol 1302 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Jens-M. Schröder ◽  
Regine Gläser ◽  
Jürgen Harder
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Effector Molecules

scholarly journals Putative Antimicrobial Peptides of the Posterior Salivary Glands from the Cephalopod Octopus vulgaris Revealed by Exploring a Composite Protein Database

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Almeida ◽  
Dany Domínguez-Pérez ◽  
Ana Matos ◽  
Guillermin Agüero-Chapin ◽  
Hugo Osório ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Protein Identification ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Shotgun Proteomics ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Protein Database ◽  
Venom Protein ◽  
Protein Toxin ◽  
Proteomics Approach

Cephalopods, successful predators, can use a mixture of substances to subdue their prey, becoming interesting sources of bioactive compounds. In addition to neurotoxins and enzymes, the presence of antimicrobial compounds has been reported. Recently, the transcriptome and the whole proteome of the Octopus vulgaris salivary apparatus were released, but the role of some compounds—e.g., histones, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and toxins—remains unclear. Herein, we profiled the proteome of the posterior salivary glands (PSGs) of O. vulgaris using two sample preparation protocols combined with a shotgun-proteomics approach. Protein identification was performed against a composite database comprising data from the UniProtKB, all transcriptomes available from the cephalopods’ PSGs, and a comprehensive non-redundant AMPs database. Out of the 10,075 proteins clustered in 1868 protein groups, 90 clusters corresponded to venom protein toxin families. Additionally, we detected putative AMPs clustered with histones previously found as abundant proteins in the saliva of O. vulgaris. Some of these histones, such as H2A and H2B, are involved in systemic inflammatory responses and their antimicrobial effects have been demonstrated. These results not only confirm the production of enzymes and toxins by the O. vulgaris PSGs but also suggest their involvement in the first line of defense against microbes.

Antimicrobial Peptides From Lycosidae (Sundevall, 1833) Spiders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella Nunes Melo-Braga ◽  
Flávia De Marco Almeida ◽  
Daniel Moreira dos Santos ◽  
Joaquim Teixeira de Avelar Júnior ◽  
Pablo Victor Mendes dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
Patent Applications

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been found in all organism taxa and may play an essential role as a host defense system. AMPs are organized in various conformations, such as linear peptides, disulfide bond-linked peptides, backbone-linked peptides and circular peptides. AMPs apparently act primarily on the plasma membrane, although an increasing number of works have shown that they may also target various intracellular sites. Spider venoms are rich sources of biomolecules that show several activities, including modulation or blockage of ion channels, anti-insect, anti-cancer, antihypertensive and antimicrobial activities, among others. In spider venoms from the Lycosidae family there are many linear AMPs with a wide range of activities against several microorganisms. Due to these singular activities, some Lycosidae AMPs have been modified to improve or decrease desirable or undesirable effects, respectively. Such modifications, especially with the aim of increasing their antibiotic activity, have led to the filing of many patent applications. This review explores the abundance of Lycosidae venom AMPs and some of their derivatives, and their use as new drug models.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Habte Nida ◽  
Sanghun Lee ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Tesfaye Mengiste
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Inducible Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Biochemical Components ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Abstract Background Sorghum grain mold is the most important disease of the crop. The disease results from simultaneous infection of the grain by multiple fungal species. Host responses to these fungi and the underlying molecular and cellular processes are poorly understood. To understand the genetic, molecular and biochemical components of grain mold resistance, transcriptome profiles of the developing grain of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied. Results The developing kernels of grain mold resistant RTx2911 and susceptible RTx430 sorghum genotypes were inoculated with a mixture of fungal pathogens mimicking the species complexity of the disease under natural infestation. Global transcriptome changes corresponding to multiple molecular and cellular processes, and biological functions including defense, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis were observed with differential regulation in the two genotypes. Genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), regulators of growth and defense homeostasis, antimicrobial peptides, pathogenesis-related proteins, zein seed storage proteins, and phytoalexins showed increased expression correlating with resistance. Notably, SbLYK5 gene encoding an orthologue of chitin PRR, defensin genes SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 exhibited higher expression in the resistant genotype. The SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 genes are tightly linked and transcribed in opposite orientation with a likely common bidirectional promoter. Interestingly, increased expression of JAZ and other transcriptional repressors were observed that suggested the tight regulation of plant defense and growth. The data suggest a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain of sorghum that involves the chitin PRR, MAPKs, key transcription factors, downstream components regulating immune gene expression and accumulation of defense molecules. We propose a model through which the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocynidin phytoalexins, defensins, PR proteins, other antimicrobial peptides, and defense suppressing proteins are regulated by a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain. Conclusions The transcriptome data from a rarely studied tissue shed light into genetic, molecular, and biochemical components of disease resistance and suggested that the developing grain shares conserved immune response mechanisms but also components uniquely enriched in the grain. Resistance was associated with increased expression of genes encoding regulatory factors, novel grain specific antimicrobial peptides including defensins and storage proteins that are potential targets for crop improvement.

Localization of antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins in minor salivary glands with Sjögren’s syndrome

2009 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Kaneda ◽  
Tomoichiro Yamaai ◽  
Nobuyoshi Mizukawa ◽  
Hitoshi Nagatsuka ◽  
Eiki Yamachika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Sjögren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjögren's Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren’S Syndrome ◽  
Sjogren's Syndrome ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Sjögren‘S Syndrome

scholarly journals Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schauber ◽  
Richard L. Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Defense System

Antimicrobial peptides and the skin immune defense system

2009 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. R13-R18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schauber ◽  
Richard L. Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Defense System

scholarly journals Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides are Expressed in Salivary Glands and Saliva

2002 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Murakami ◽  
T. Ohtake ◽  
R.A. Dorschner ◽  
R.L. Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Salivary Glands
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