Filtration, concentration and detection of salmonid alphavirus in seawater during a post-smolt salmon (Salmo salar) cohabitant challenge

Currently, the prevalence of salmonid alphavirus (SAV) in Norwegian Atlantic salmon farms is largely surveyed via sacrificing fish and sampling of organ tissue on a monthly basis. However, a more cost-efficient, straightforward, rapid, reliable, reproducible and animal welfare friendly method based on the detection of SAV in water could be considered as an alternative method. In the present study, such a method was developed and optimized through a 6 wk cohabitant challenge trial, using post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L challenged with high or low doses of SAV subtype 3 (SAV3). Tank water and tissue samples from cohabitant fish were collected at 16 time points. SAV3 was concentrated from the water by filtration, using either electronegative or electropositive membrane filters, which were subsequently rinsed with one of 4 different buffer solutions. SAV3 was detected first in tank water (7 d post-challenge, DPC), and later in cohabitant fish organ tissue samples (12 DPC). The electronegative filter (MF-Millipore™) and rinsing with NucliSENS® easyMAG® Lysis Buffer presented the best SAV3 recovery. A significant positive correlation was found between SAV3 in the tank water concentrates and the mid-kidney samples. Based on these results, detection of SAV3 in filtrated seawater is believed to have the potential to serve as an alternative method for surveillance of SAV in Atlantic salmon farms.

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Triploid atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts accumulate prevalence more slowly than diploid salmon following bath challenge with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0175468 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. e0175468 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lindsey J. Moore ◽

Tom Ole Nilsen ◽

Jiraporn Jarungsriapisit ◽

Per Gunnar Fjelldal ◽

Sigurd O. Stefansson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Subtype 3 ◽

Bath Challenge

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Salmonid Alphavirus Subtype 3 Induces Prolonged Local B Cell Responses in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) After Intraperitoneal Infection

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.01682 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Shiferaw Jenberie ◽

Ma. Michelle D. Peñaranda ◽

Hanna L. Thim ◽

Morten Bay Styrvold ◽

Guro Strandskog ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

B Cell ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Intraperitoneal Infection ◽

B Cell Responses ◽

Subtype 3

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The serum proteome of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during pancreas disease (PD) following infection with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3)

Journal of Proteomics ◽

10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.016 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 94 ◽

pp. 423-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

M. Braceland ◽

R. Bickerdike ◽

J. Tinsley ◽

D. Cockerill ◽

M.F. Mcloughlin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Pancreas Disease ◽

Serum Proteome ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Subtype 3

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Genetic variation in restored Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations in the Ulla and Lérez rivers, Galicia, Spain

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.03.005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (7) ◽

pp. 1290-1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

María Saura ◽

Pablo Caballero ◽

Armando Caballero ◽

Paloma Morán

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Allelic Richness ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Supportive Breeding ◽

The Past ◽

Live Fish ◽

Northwestern Spain ◽

Stock Mixture

Abstract The populations of Atlantic salmon in the Ulla and Lérez rivers, located in Galicia in northwestern Spain, were close to extinction early in the 1990s. A restoration programme involving supportive breeding has been conducted since 1995, using a mixture of salmon populations from several Galician rivers. The programme utilizes progeny of adults returning to the rivers and wild parr reared in fresh water until maturity. Five microsatellite loci were used to compare genetic variability in the restored populations with that in populations before their collapse in the 1950s. DNA samples were obtained from scale collections (old samples) and from tissue samples of live fish caught in the rivers (modern samples). Average heterozygosities and allelic richness are very similar in modern and old samples. Populations inhabiting the Ulla and Lérez rivers today are more similar than they were in the past, possibly because they originated in the same stock mixture.

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Piscirickettsia salmonis shedding and tissue burden, and hematological responses during cohabitation infections in chum Oncorhynchus keta, pink O. gorbuscha and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248098 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248098

Author(s):

Amy Long ◽

Simon R. M. Jones

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Chum Salmon ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Oncorhynchus Keta ◽

Tissue Burden ◽

Piscirickettsia Salmonis ◽

Species Specific ◽

Tank Water

Background Salmonid rickettsial septicemia is an emergent and geographically widespread disease of marine-farmed salmonids caused by infection with the water-borne bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis. Very little is known about the route, timing, or magnitude of bacterial shedding from infected fish. Methodology/principal findings A cohabitation challenge model was used to assess shedding from chum Oncorhynchus keta, pink O. gorbuscha and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Infections in donor fish were established by intraperitoneal injection of P. salmonis. Naïve recipients were cohabitated with donor fish after which cumulative percent morbidity and mortality (CMM) was monitored, and bacterial burdens in kidney and in tank water were measured by qPCR. All donor fish died with mean days-to-death (MDD) among species ranging from 17.5 to 23.9. Among recipients, CMM ranged from 42.7% to 77.8% and MDD ranged from 49.7 to 56.4. In each trial, two peaks of bacterial DNA concentrations in tank water closely aligned with the MDD values of donor and recipient fish. Bacterial tissue burden and shedding rate, and plasma physiological parameters were obtained from individual donors and recipients. Statistically significant positive correlations between the shedding rate and P. salmonis kidney burden were measured in donor pink and in donor and recipient chum salmon, but not in donor or recipient Atlantic salmon. In Atlantic salmon, there was a negative correlation between kidney bacterial burden and hematocrit, plasma Ca++ and Mg++ values, whereas in infected chum salmon the correlation was positive for Na+ and Cl- and negative for glucose. Conclusions A dependency of bacterial shedding on species-specific patterns of pathogenesis was suggested. The coincidence of bacterial shedding with mortality will inform pathogen transmission models.

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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts challenged two or nine weeks after seawater-transfer show differences in their susceptibility to salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3)

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-016-0520-8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J. Jarungsriapisit ◽

L. J. Moore ◽

G. L. Taranger ◽

T. O. Nilsen ◽

H. C. Morton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Subtype 3

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Transcriptome Response of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to a New Piscine Orthomyxovirus

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9100807 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 807

Author(s):

Francisca Samsing ◽

Pamela Alexandre ◽

Megan Rigby ◽

Richard S. Taylor ◽

Roger Chong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Interferon Stimulated Genes ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Molecular Events

Pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) is an emerging pathogen of concern to the salmon industry in Australia. To explore the molecular events that underpin POMV infection, we challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts in seawater via cohabitation. Tissue samples of the head kidney and liver were collected from moribund and surviving individuals and analyzed using transcriptome sequencing. Viral loads were higher in the head kidney compared to the liver, yet the liver presented more upregulated genes. Fish infected with POMV showed a strong innate immune response that included the upregulation of pathogen recognition receptors such as RIG-I and Toll-like receptors as well as the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (MX, ISG15). Moribund fish also presented a dramatic induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to severe tissue damage and morbidity. An induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes (B2M) and markers of T cell-mediated immunity (CD8-alpha, CD8-beta, Perforin-1, Granzyme-A) was observed in both moribund fish and survivors. In addition, differential connectivity analysis showed that three key regulators (RELA/p65, PRDM1, and HLF) related to cell-mediated immunity had significant differences in connectivity in “clinically healthy” versus “clinically affected” or moribund fish. Collectively, our results show that T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in the response of Atlantic salmon to the infection with POMV.

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