Oceanographic conditions in wintering grounds affect arrival date and body condition in breeding female Magellanic penguins

2018 ◽  
Vol 601 ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Rebstock ◽  
PD Boersma
2018 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Laursen ◽  
Anders Pape Møller ◽  
Markus Öst

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1487) ◽  
pp. 2169-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Bailleul ◽  
Jean-Benoît Charrassin ◽  
Pascal Monestiez ◽  
Fabien Roquet ◽  
Martin Biuw ◽  
...  

Southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina , undertake large-scale oceanic movements to access favourable foraging areas. Successful foraging areas of elephant seals from the Kerguelen Islands are investigated here in relation to oceanographic parameters. Movements and diving activity of the seals as well as oceanographic data were collected through a new generation of satellite relayed devices measuring and transmitting locations, pressure, temperature and salinity. For the first time, we have associated foraging behaviour, determined by high increased sinuosity in tracks, and dive density (i.e. number of dives performed per kilometre covered), and changes in body condition, determined by variations in drift rate obtained from drift dives, to identify the oceanographic conditions of successful foraging zones for this species. Two main sectors, one close to the Antarctic continent and the other along the Polar Front (PF), where both foraging activity and body condition increase, seem to be of particular interest for the seals. Within these regions, some seals tended to focus their foraging activity on zones with particular temperature signatures. Along the Antarctic continent, some seals targeted colder waters on the sea bottom during benthic dives, while at the PF the favourable zones tended to be warmer. The possible negative effect of colder waters in Antarctic on the swimming performances of potential fish or squid prey could explain the behaviour of elephant seals in these zones, while warmer waters within the PF could correspond to the optimal conditions for potential myctophid prey of elephant seals.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-701
Author(s):  
Brian G. Walker ◽  
P. Dee Boersma ◽  
John C. Wingfield

Abstract Colony edges, as opposed to interiors, are often considered less advantageous nesting places in colonial species. For temperate-breeding penguins, inland colony edges should be less desirable than other edges, as there are added costs of walking farther inland, and ambient temperatures are higher. During settlement and incubation, we compared body condition and baseline and stress-induced levels of the hormone corticosterone in male Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) nesting on the sea edge of a colony with those nesting on the inland edge, >800 m from shore. Body condition in both groups was significantly lower during settlement than during incubation, but was similar in both groups within breeding stages. Corticosterone levels were similar between breeding stages and for groups within each breeding stage. While body condition can vary over time, penguins appear to be well buffered to physiological extremes, as they do not show modification of corticosterone levels with variations in nesting conditions. Condiciones Fisiológicas en el Pingüino Spheniscus magellanicus: ¿Tiene Importancia Caminar una Larga Distancia al Nido? Resumen. En especies coloniales, los bordes de la colonia son generalmente considerados como lugares menos ventajosos para el establecimiento de nidos. Para los pingüinos que crían en climas templados, los bordes de las colonias orientados tierra adentro deben ser menos deseables que otros bordes, ya que se suman los costos adicionales de caminar una distancia mayor desde la orilla y debido a que las temperaturas ambientes allí son más elevadas. Durante el establecimiento y la incubación, comparamos las condiciones corporales y los niveles de referencia e inducidos por estrés de la hormona corticosterona en los machos de Spheniscus magellanicus que anidaban en el borde de la colonia adyacente al mar con los que anidaban sobre el borde que mira hacia el interior, a más de 800 m desde la orilla. La condición corporal en los dos grupos fue significantemente menor durante el establecimiento que durante la incubación, pero fue similar en los dos grupos durante las etapas de crianza. Los niveles de corticosterona fueron similares para ambas etapas de crianza y para los dos grupos durante cada etapa de crianza. Aunque la condición corporal puede variar en el tiempo, los pingüinos parecen amortiguar bien los extremos fisiológicos, ya que no muestran modificación de los niveles de corticosterona con las variaciones en las condiciones de nidificación.


2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W. Seltmann ◽  
Markus Öst ◽  
Kim Jaatinen ◽  
Shannon Atkinson ◽  
Kendall Mashburn ◽  
...  

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 1414-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Forero ◽  
J L Tella ◽  
J A Donázar ◽  
G Blanco ◽  
M Bertellotti ◽  
...  

We examined within-pair sexual dimorphism and phenotypic assortative mating in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) breeding in six colonies located on the Patagonian coast (Argentina). All measured phenotypic traits except the number of pectoral spots differed between the sexes; bill depth and flipper length were the most and least dimorphic traits, respectively. We found assortative mating by bill depth and body mass. The similarity in body condition within pairs was close to significant. When we performed separate correlations for birds that bred successfully, i.e., raised one or two offsprings, and birds that did not attempt to breed or bred unsuccessfully, only the successful breeders showed assortative mating by body mass. In addition, we attempted to relate the body size of each member of the pair and the degree of sexual dimorphism within pairs to the breeding performance of individuals, which was measured as brood size, and body condition and immunocompetence of offspring. We found that pairs that were less dimorphic in flipper length raised more offspring. This effect was due to female flipper length per se and not to the relative difference in flipper length between members of the pair. Females with larger flippers had a higher probability of raising two chicks. No effects of body measurements or degree of sexual dimorphism on body condition or T-cell-mediated immune response of offspring were found. We discuss these results in the context of potential factors responsible for the maintenance of sexual size dimorphism in this species.


The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-926
Author(s):  
Nicole E. Rafferty ◽  
P. Dee Boersma ◽  
Ginger A. Rebstock

Abstract We investigated patterns and consequences of intraclutch egg-size variation in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). First-laid eggs were significantly larger than second-laid eggs, although the mean difference represented only 2% of an average egg's volume. The degree of intraclutch egg-size variation was similar among years and females of different ages. Intraclutch egg-size variation did not affect intraclutch differences in chick hatching weights or fledging success. We found no selective advantage for laying eggs of different sizes. Because both eggs have an equal probability of being lost, chance favors equal provisioning of eggs. Egg volume explained 35% of the variation in hatching weight but did not determine fledging success. Laying order, year, and female age were better predictors of fledging success than egg size. Factors such as laying and hatching order, parental quality, oceanographic conditions, fights, and predation are more important in determining chick survival than are differences in egg size.


2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels ◽  
Andréa Corrado Adornes ◽  
Paula Lima Canabarro ◽  
Valeria Ruoppolo ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
...  

The Auk ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Smallwood

Abstract I observed the establishment of 240 winter territories by American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) on a 293-km census route in south-central Florida during autumn 1985. Most females arrived before males. Analysis of banding records revealed that immatures of both sexes and adult females preceded adult males in autumn migration in eastern North America; thus, the sex ratio of early arrivals was skewed toward females. In south Florida territorial kestrels occupied habitats in decreasing order of foraging quality, as measured by percentage cover of suitable hunting substrate (grasses or weedy forbs < 25 cm in height) and woody canopy cover (which was correlated negatively with suitable hunting substrate and obstructed the view of hunting kestrels). Early-arriving males also occupied habitats of superior foraging quality and were as successful as females in defending territories against same-sex and opposite-sex kestrels as high-quality habitats became limited. Results of experiments in which free-flying intruder kestrels were released onto defended territories suggested that males defended winter territories more tenaciously than did females. Because there was no evidence of male submissiveness on the wintering grounds, the female-dominance hypothesis is not a plausible explanation for sexual segregation by habitat in wintering kestrels. Each kestrel's arrival date was apparently the principal determinant of the foraging quality of habitats still available for occupancy; foraging quality was correlated negatively with arrival date for the adult males and for the females and immatures. A delayed molt in adult males, associated with differential sex roles on the breeding grounds, may delay the migratory departure, resulting in the late arrival on the wintering grounds.


2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1471-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian G Walker ◽  
P Dee Boersma

Geographic and temporal variability in the marine environment affects seabirds' ability to find food. Similarly, an individual's body size or condition may influence their ability to capture prey. We examined the diving behavior of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Punta Tombo, Argentina, as an indicator of variation in foraging ability. We studied how body size affected diving capability and how diving varies among years and within breeding seasons. We also compared diving patterns of Magellanic penguins at Punta Tombo with those of birds in two colonies at the opposite end of the species' breeding range. Larger penguins tended to dive deeper and for longer than smaller birds. Trips were longer during incubation and in the years and colonies with lower reproductive success, which suggests that in those instances birds were working hard to recover body condition and feed chicks. Average dive depths, average dive durations, and percentages of time spent diving were always similar. We found that the only parameter these penguins consistently modified while foraging was the length of their foraging trip, which suggests that penguins at Punta Tombo were diving at maximum rates to find their preferred prey. Increasing trip length, we suggest, is a physiologically conservative solution for increasing the likelihood of encountering prey.


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