scholarly journals The role of endophyte in determining the persistence and productivity of ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue in Northland

2009 ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
B.M. Cooper ◽  
K.A. Panckhurst
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
African Black ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Insect Attack

Evidence from small plot and farm trials demonstrate that fungal endophyte infection plays a pivotal role in enhancing the persistence and yields of perennial, hybrid and Italian ryegrasses, tall and meadow fescues in Northland. In most situations these effects were evident within 2-3 years of sowing and were largely attributed to protection from insect attack that is conferred by endophyte infection. Keywords: fungal endophyte, Neotyphodium, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea, meadow fescue, Festuca pratensis, African black beetle, Heteronychus arator

scholarly journals Evaluation of a meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) population from Northland

1995 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
B.M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Canary Grass

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) is not commonly. recognised as a significant pasture species in New Zealand. On a Northland dairy farm near Kaitaia a population of meadow fescue was increasing and providing significant feed in drought years. Meadow fescue ecotype seed lines from Kaitatia were collected and compared for relative vigour to Grasslands Supernui perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), Grasslands Wana and Grasslands Kara cockSfoot (Dactylis glomerata), Palaton and Venture reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Grasslands Advance tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Variation occurred within the 22 meadow fescue lines in terms of early growth, 4 lines being superior to Advance tall fescue during winter and spring. Overseas lines failed to persist. Vigour of remaining lines declined as the trial progressed, Persistent meadow fescue plants remained small and were slow to tiller. Overseas meadow fescue introductions had no endophyte present, but local lines contained Acremonium uncinatum which does not produce the mammalian mycotoxins Iolitrem B and ergovaline. Unless a specific role for the species can be determined further work is largely unjustified, as productivity did not surpass that of control species. Animal health relationships with different endophytes warrant further,jnvestigation. 3 Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, ecotypes, endophytes, 'Festuca arundinacea, Festuca pratensis Huds., Lolium perenne, Northland, Phalaris arundinacea

The role of Epichloë grass endophytes during pasture renewal

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Hewitt ◽  
Cory Matthew ◽  
Catherine McKenzie ◽  
Wade Mace ◽  
Alison Popay
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
African Black ◽  
Insect Predation

The literature on the importance of Epichloë grass endophytes during pasture renewal is reviewed. Perennial ryegrass endophyte strains such as AR1, NEA2, and Standard Endophyte (SE) as well as tall fescue and meadow fescue endophytes, significantly increase seedling survival at establishment under insect pressure, for example from adult Argentine stem weevil, grass grub, and African black beetle. However, in endophyte-infected ryegrass, insect-derived plant damage increases 10–43 days after sowing despite the presence of endophyte. Insecticidal seed treatments can mitigate the vulnerability to insect predation during this time.

The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Bruce Cooper ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Kathryn Panckhurst ◽  
Alison Popay ◽  
Tom Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
African Black ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Insect Attack

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.

scholarly journals Endophyte fungus levels in perennial ryegrass and tall fescuse varieties grown for seed in Oregon, USA - implications for responsible grass straw use as livestock feed

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Young Iii ◽  
M.E. Mellbye ◽  
T.B. Silberstein ◽  
G.A. Gingrich ◽  
A.M. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Seed Harvest

Baling of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) straw residue following seed harvest has become a common practice in Oregon's grass seed industry. In 2005, almost 670 000 tons [607 000 Mg (tonne)] of grass straw was exported to Japan and Korea for use as livestock feed. Most of the grass seed varieties grown today are turf-type, which in recent years have been developed with high levels of fungal endophyte infection. Currently, over 73% and 43% of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue varieties, respectively, are ranked as having a "High" (>61% infected) infection level. Concern for the safe use of these grass straw residues had led to their routine analysis for toxin content before shipment to consuming markets. These chemical analyses provide assurances against deleterious effects to livestock fed Oregon grass straw. Keywords: straw, endophyte-infected, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue

Response of Pratylenchus spp. in tall fescue infected with different strains of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Timper ◽  
Roger N. Gates ◽  
Joe H. Bouton
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Neotyphodium Coenophialum ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Endemic Strain

Abstract The presence of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) confers resistance to some plant-parasitic nematodes but also results in the production of ergot alkaloids. Recently, new strains of N. coenophialum have been isolated from wild tall fescue and artificially inoculated into elite tall fescue cultivars. These strains produce low to nil levels of ergot alkaloids and are referred to as non-ergot strains. Our objective was to determine whether non-ergot strains of the endophyte confer the same level of resistance to Pratylenchus spp. as the endemic strain in tall fescue. In a glasshouse experiment, nematode resistance was compared in two fescue cultivars (Jesup and Georgia 5) infected with either the endemic strain (E+), or two non-ergot strains, AR542 and AR584. An additional non-ergot strain, AR514, was tested only in cv. Jesup. Cultivars Georgia 5 and Jesup without endophytes (E−) were used as controls. The endophtye status of the plants was confirmed and then three plants per cultivar/endophyte combination were transplanted into 10 cm square pots. The pots were inoculated with a mixed culture of Pratylenchus zeae and P. scribneri in the first trial and a pure culture of P. scribneri in the second trial of the experiment. After 8 weeks, the number of nematodes within the roots from each pot was determined. Numbers of Pratylenchus spp. in either cv. Georgia 5 or cv. Jesup containing the non-ergot strain AR542 were not different from numbers in E− plants. AR514 also did not confer resistance to the nematodes in cv. Jesup. By contrast, the non-ergot strain AR584 appears to confer resistance to Pratylenchus spp. in cv. Georgia 5, but not in cv. Jesup; however, the level of resistance in cv. Georgia 5 was less than the resistance conferred by the endemic endophyte. Genetic differences between the two tall fescue cultivars may affect growth of the endophyte or production of a nematode toxin or deterrent by the endophyte. As only a small subset of endophyte strains has been tested, we are screening additional non-ergot strains for resistance to P. scribneri.

Leaf development in eight related grasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gao ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rate Of Increase

SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.

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