The role of Epichloë grass endophytes during pasture renewal

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kati Hewitt ◽  
Cory Matthew ◽  
Catherine McKenzie ◽  
Wade Mace ◽  
Alison Popay
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
African Black ◽  
Insect Predation

The literature on the importance of Epichloë grass endophytes during pasture renewal is reviewed. Perennial ryegrass endophyte strains such as AR1, NEA2, and Standard Endophyte (SE) as well as tall fescue and meadow fescue endophytes, significantly increase seedling survival at establishment under insect pressure, for example from adult Argentine stem weevil, grass grub, and African black beetle. However, in endophyte-infected ryegrass, insect-derived plant damage increases 10–43 days after sowing despite the presence of endophyte. Insecticidal seed treatments can mitigate the vulnerability to insect predation during this time.

scholarly journals The role of endophyte in determining the persistence and productivity of ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue in Northland

2009 ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
B.M. Cooper ◽  
K.A. Panckhurst
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
African Black ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Insect Attack

Evidence from small plot and farm trials demonstrate that fungal endophyte infection plays a pivotal role in enhancing the persistence and yields of perennial, hybrid and Italian ryegrasses, tall and meadow fescues in Northland. In most situations these effects were evident within 2-3 years of sowing and were largely attributed to protection from insect attack that is conferred by endophyte infection. Keywords: fungal endophyte, Neotyphodium, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea, meadow fescue, Festuca pratensis, African black beetle, Heteronychus arator

Factors influencing the role of clover in grass-clover leys fertilized with nitrogen at different rates I. The effects of the variety of companion grass on the yields of total herbage and of clover

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

1. A study has been made of some of the factors influencing the role of clover in grass-clover swards fertilized with nitrogen at different rates.2. From 1955 to 1957 inclusive three nitrogen treatments, 0, 4 and 10 cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (15·5% N)/acre/season, were applied to twentyone grass-clover mixtures sown in the spring of 1954. The mixtures contained either S 184, S100 or Kersey white clover alone or in association with one of the following grasses, S 23 or S 24 perennial ryegrass, S143 or S37 cocksfoot, S48 timothy or S53 meadow fescue.

Leaf development in eight related grasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gao ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Rate Of Increase

SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.

Herbage production and tiller density in five related grasses, their hybrids and mixtures

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
Y. Gao
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYFour grass species, three hybrids and three mixtures were grown in field swards near Aberystwyth. All swards were amply supplied with nutrients and were cut at 5-week intervals during the year of sowing (1989) and during the following 4 years. The order of the grasses in rate of establishment was: Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) > Italian ryegrass × perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) > tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the sowing year as a whole, Italian ryegrass was the highest yielding grass, followed by Westerwolds ryegrass. During the remaining period (1990–93), as a whole, the highest yields were obtained from perennial ryegrass sown alone or in a mixture with tall fescue. Tall fescue sown alone was one of the lowest yielding grasses in the year of sowing, but developed to be the highest yielding in 1992 and 1993. Westerwolds ryegrass persisted least well, although some plants did survive until 1992. Italian ryegrass persisted better than Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted better than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted satisfactorily but with fewer tillers/m2 than perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The yield of tall fescue in March was as high as that of Italian ryegrass in 1990 and 1991 and higher than that of any of the other grasses in 1992 and 1993; the tiller density of tall fescue was particularly high in March. The yield of mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass with tall fescue) was, on average, 2·5% more than the mean of the component species when sown alone. When grown with ryegrass, tall fescue was not prominent initially but its proportion in the sward gradually increased.

PERSISTENCE OF A RANGE OF GRASSES IN A CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
K. H. Dong ◽  
Z. L. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar ◽  
Continental Climate

The possibility of growing grasses of higher quality than tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in a continental climate with cold winters, hot summers and low precipitation was investigated with and without irrigation at Taigu, Shanxi, China. Tall fescue was compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and a perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue hybrid cultivar in field swards, managed by cutting, during the year of sowing and in the three subsequent years. Tall fescue persisted satisfactorily throughout the experiment, even without irrigation. With irrigation, the other three grasses persisted satisfactorily to the end of the second harvest year and fairly satisfactorily to the end of the third harvest year. Without irrigation, the other three grasses had incomplete ground cover in the second harvest year and did not recover from the third winter.

scholarly journals Endophyte production of reactive oxygen species is critical for maintaining the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between Epichloe festucae and Pooid grasses

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
A. Tanaka ◽  
M.J. Christensen ◽  
D. Takemoto ◽  
B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Wild Type Phenotype

Perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and meadow fescue infected with a noxA mutant defective in the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), had a stunted phenotype and showed premature senescence. Microscopic observations of leaf tissue from perennial ryegrass and tall fescue showed a lack of regulated growth of mutant hyphae in these tissues with increasedv branching, growth and vascular colonisation. However, the fungal phenotype of noxA-infected meadow fescue was very similar to the wild-type phenotype suggesting that an increase in fungal biomass and vascular bundle colonisation is not necessarily a requirement for host stunting. An alternative hypothesis to explain the stunting phenotype is a breakdown in normal signaling between endophyte and host that is ROS dependent. Keywords: Epichloë festucae, Lolium perenne, NoxA, NADPH oxidase, reactive oxygen species (ROS)

scholarly journals Plant influences on endophyte expression

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
C.P. West
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Fitness Trait

Neotyphodium endophytes in the pooid grasses perennial ryegrass and tall fescue (Lolium spp.) are important ecologically and agriculturally by virtue of their ability to produce several alkaloids and their effects on host growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Such responses can be positive, neutral, or negative, and depend on the interaction of host genetics x endophyte genetics x environment (and management), which is complex and difficult to predict. Understanding the interactions is key to elucidating the ecological role of endophytes in natural and impacted ecosystems and to optimally select plant and endophyte combinations that support profitable livestock production with stable plant populations. High phenotypic variability among individual plants in an endophyte-infected population can promote population fitness across a wide range of stressful environments. Strong interactions between environmental conditions and host-endophyte combination reveal the importance of testing new grass-endophyte associations in the range of environments targeted for eventual use to determine stability of the desired traits. Care must also be taken when creating new symbiota that an important fitness trait is not lost by selecting endophytes that lack a particular alkaloid. Genetic variations within perennial ryegrass and tall fescue provide opportunities for plant breeders to perform further selections with novel symbiota to exploit host control over growth and physiology and thus overcome some of performance loss. This paper reviews the challenges of understanding grass-endophyte interactions, with particular attention to strategies of improving the performance of novel symbiota for agricultural purposes. Keywords: Lolium, Festuca, Neotyphodium, plant-endophyte interactions, symbiosis

scholarly journals The effect of vegetation area size on grass seed yield

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Branko Cupina ◽  
Ivana Stojanovic ◽  
R. Stanisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
The World ◽  
Seed Yields

This paper surveys sowing norms (row spacing and seed rate) in both our country and the world, as well as the optimal seed rates in grass seed production. It gives a short overview of row spacings and seed rates applied in our and some other countries. Earlier, grass cultivated for the purpose of seed production was grown on small vegetation area. According to some researches, high seed yields can be achieved by cultivating grass on large vegetation area. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the highest cocksfoot, timothy, meadow fescue, tall fescue seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 50 cm spaced rows employing lower seed rates (8 and 4 kg/ha of seeds). The highest Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass seed yield was achieved with plants grown in 20 cm spaced rows employing 20 kg/ha of seeds.

Natural reseeding of five grass species in summer dry hill country

1991 ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume ◽  
D.J. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Minor Variation ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Summer Grazing

Natural reseeding of 5 grass species was monitored over 2-3 years in summer dry hill country in central Wairarapa and Taupo. Measurements included numbers of seedheads and seedlings appearing, survival andgrowth of tagged seedlings and their contribution to sward tiller populations. Effects of fertiliser (high, low) and summer grazing managements (continuously summer grazed, spelled from grazing during summer) were examined. All seedlings appeared in autumn/early winter. No seedlings of phalaris and few tall fescue and cocksfoot seedlings were found, and all failed to survive the first summer. Reseeding of prairie grass was significant, failure of which corresponded with a general decline in persistence of prairie grass swards. With summer spelling in central Wairarapa, prairie grass had relatively high seedling numbers (144/m?), seedling survival (10%) and contribution (11%) to prairie grass tillers in the sward. Reseeding was most prolific for perennial ryegrass (Nui and resident ryegrass) (283 seedlings appeared/m2). Summer spelling gave high ryegrass seedling numbers in central Wairarapa but lower numbers at Taupo, compared with summer grazing. At both sites, however, summer grazing increasedryegrass seedling survival and seedling contribution to the total sward (11% of total tillers), despite inherently dense, competitive swards. Effects of fertiliser were generally minor. Variation between sites and years was considerable. Reseeding had little effect on numbers of new plants in the sward, but may be significant when considered cumulativley over a number of years. Keywords natural reseeding, summer dry hill country, summer grazing managements, fertiliser, prairie grass, ryegrass, phalaris, cocksfoot, tall fescue

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