The chemical composition of high-sugar and control ryegrasses in grazed pastures at different latitudes throughout New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Cosgrove ◽  
N.R. Mapp ◽  
P.S. Taylor ◽  
B.M. Harvey ◽  
K.J. Knowler
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
One Year

Abstract Extrapolating from single-site animal studies of the effects of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on methane and nitrogen emissions requires knowledge of geographical and temporal variation in plant chemical constituents. To provide this, samples of grazed pasture were collected from experiments at four different latitudes over one year. At each site, one high-sugar perennial ryegrass (HSG) and two control cultivars of perennial ryegrass, were sampled at each grazing during a 12-month period and analysed for concentrations of WSC, crude protein (CP) and fibre (NDF). Compared with the controls the HSG was higher in WSC (overall mean 299 vs 260 g WSC/kg DM; P

scholarly journals Sheep performance on perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Cosgrove ◽  
P.S. Taylor ◽  
A. Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Daily Gain

High-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivars (HSG) selected for higher concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate may enhance animal production and reduce emissions of methane and nitrogen. Assessing the effects on economic output and environmental footprint is most robust when related to production per unit of land. Average daily gain (ADG) and liveweight gain per hectare (LWG/ha) of sheep grazing a high-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivar, a diploid perennial ryegrass and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass were compared during measurement periods conducted in spring (84 days duration), autumn (99 days) and late springsummer (160 days). Continuous variable stocking was used, and stocking rate adjusted to maintain a target sward surface height of 6 cm. Average daily gain was higher (P=0.003) on the HSG than on either control in late spring-summer and higher on the tetraploid control than on the HSG or the diploid control in autumn (P=0.04), but the higher ADGs did not translate to significantly higher LWG/ha. These results can inform farmers on cultivar choice and support analysis of methane and nitrogen emissions on an intensity basis for inventory and regulatory purposes. Key words: water-soluble carbohydrate, perennial ryegrasses, high-sugar ryegrass, average daily gain, liveweight gain

Methane emissions differ between sheep offered a conventional diploid, a high-sugar diploid or a tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivar at two allowances at three times of the year

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jonker ◽  
G. Molano ◽  
E. Sandoval ◽  
P. S. Taylor ◽  
C. Antwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Elevated Water ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Male Sheep

Elevated water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration in the diet may affect rumen fermentation and consequently reduce methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of the present study was to determine CH4 emissions from male sheep (8 per treatment) in respiration chambers for 48 h and fed either a conventional diploid (CRG), a high-sugar diploid (HSG) or a tetraploid (TRG) perennial ryegrass cultivar, each offered at 0.7 or 1.0 kg dry matter (DM)/day during periods in early spring 2013 (P1), early autumn 2014 (P2) and late spring 2014 (P3). There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between cultivar and period for CH4 yield (g/kg DM intake). In P1 yield was 9% lower (P = 0.007) for sheep fed HSG than for sheep fed CRG or TRG, in P2 yield was 16% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG or HSG, and in P3 yield was 15% lower (P < 0.001) for sheep fed TRG than that for sheep fed CRG, with HSG-fed sheep being intermediate and not significantly different from either CRG or TRG. Despite there being a cultivar × period interaction, overall, CH4 yield was lower for sheep fed HSG or TRG than for sheep fed CRG (P < 0.001). There were no cultivar × level of feed offer interactions and, overall, yield of CH4 was 9% higher (P = 0.003) for sheep offered 0.7 than for sheep offered 1.0 kg DM/day. In each period, one or other of the high-WSC diploid (HSG) or tetraploid cultivars (TRG) gave lower CH4 yields than did the control diploid (CRG), suggesting that CH4 yield is reduced by characteristics of these cultivars. However, the effect was not consistently associated with either cultivar and could not be attributed to higher forage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Variation and Relationships between Fatty Acid Concentrations and Feed Value of Perennial Ryegrass Genotypes from a Breeding Population

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Morgan ◽  
Sharon A. Huws ◽  
Sue J. Lister ◽  
Ruth Sanderson ◽  
Nigel D. Scollan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Feed Value

Fatty acid (FA) concentration and composition of forage has recently gained interest due to potential opportunities for improving FA profile of ruminant products (meat and milk). Twenty perennial ryegrass genotypes from an experimental breeding population and four genotypes from an experimental mapping population were used to assess (1) genotypic variation, and (2) associations between FAs and other important chemical constituents (i.e., protein, carbohydrate and fibre). Mean total FA (TFA) concentration was 23.8 g kg−1 DM, ranging from 14.5 to 33.8 g kg−1 DM; 89% to 95% of which was comprised of six individual FAs, namely, palmitic acid (C16:0), trans-3-hexadecenoic acid (C16:1Δt3), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1Δc9), linoleic acid (C18:2Δc9,12) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3Δc9,12,15). Mean crude protein (CP), water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations were: 133, 188, 447 and 240 g kg−1 DM, respectively. Genotypes from the mapping population differed for: WSC (p = 0.015), C16:0 (p = 0.034), C18:0 (p < 0.001), C18:3Δc9,12,15 (p = 0.012) and TFA (p = 0.025). Genotypes from the breeding population differed (p < 0.001) for all measured components except CP (p = 0.078). Higher FA concentration was generally associated with higher CP concentration and lower WSC, NDF and ADF. Selectively breeding for higher FA concentrations may alter the overall feed value of perennial ryegrass, however further investigation is needed to fully understand the relationship between FA concentration and feed value and the possible implications for ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals High sugar ryegrasses for livestock systems in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

There has been mounting interest over the proposed production and environmental benefits from using perennial ryegrass cultivars bred to have higher water soluble carbohydrate content (high sugar grasses). Here, we objectively review published evidence, from the EU and New Zealand, of the effects of these on milk yield per cow, liveweight gain in sheep, N utilisation and wider trophic interactions. The literature reveals substantial variation in animal responses, though some of the uncertainty in interpretation can be resolved by combining the data from multiple trials, and showing this forms a continuum of response to diet quality. It also reveals variation in the degree to which the sugar trait has been expressed, possibly reflecting a gene x environment interaction. Achieving a more consistent, and probably greater than current, expression of the high sugar trait would be a valuable goal. We suggest 'proof of concept' has been shown, notably for the potential for improving N utilisation in the rumen, and so reducing the proportion of N intake lost in urine. The evidence suggests that this may be a greater challenge, albeit a more valuable goal, because of the relatively high N (crude protein) content forages that predominate in the New Zealand pasture industry. Keywords: animal performance, high sugar grass, Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass, nitrogen utilisation, trait expression, water soluble carbohydrates

scholarly journals The composition of high sugar ryegrasses

2009 ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Cosgrove ◽  
J. Koolaard ◽  
D. Luo ◽  
J.L. Burke ◽  
D. Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
The Relationship

Enhancing the concentration of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in ryegrass by management or breeding affects other chemical constituents, which may also contribute to the animal response. A large data set (n=220) of chemical composition of 3 ryegrasses was examined to determine the relationship between elevated WSC and other constituents. Keywords: water soluble carbohydrate, perennial ryegrasses, high sugar grasses, protein, neutral detergent fibre

Characterisation of the WSC fraction of six species of temperate pasture grass

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
J. C. Ince ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
A. J. Cairns ◽  
M. Moore–Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Field Plots

The carbohydrate (CHO) fraction of pasture grasses is a major source of energy for many domestic herbivores. However, the amounts, and types, of the water–soluble carbohydrate (WSC) fraction (i.e. glucose, fructose, sucrose, and polymers of sucrose and fructose, the fructans) present in such grasses, varies with species and environmental conditions. As the WSC constitute a highly digestible, energy yielding fraction of grasses, it is important to be able to measure their levels in a sward so that the diets of pastured animals may be designed to elicit optimal health and productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the WSC profile of six UK pasture grasses, and to develop a technique for extracting the fructan portion of the WSC.Six species of UK pasture grasses [Cocksfoot (C), Timothy (T), Meadow Fescue (M), Italian Ryegrass (IR), Perennial Ryegrass (PR) and Hybrid Ryegrass (HR)] were grown in experimental field plots at IGER.

Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows under strip-grazing management

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 49-49
Author(s):  
R.J. Orr ◽  
S.M. Rutter ◽  
P.D. Penning ◽  
N.H. Yarrow ◽  
L.D. Atkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Strip Grazing ◽  
Friesian Cows

Grazed herbage is the cheapest feed available for dairy cows but total intake of nutrients from grazed pasture alone is generally insufficient to allow high yielding dairy cows to reach their production potential. Cows have their main daily meal following afternoon milking in the period up to sunset (e.g. Rook et al., 1994 ). In addition, both the DM content and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of grass increase over the day (e.g. Orr et al., 1997) due to the loss of moisture and the accumulation of the products of photosynthesis. Based on this evidence, this study tested the hypothesis that dairy cows receiving strip-grazing allocations following the afternoon rather than the morning milking would show higher intake rates and consequently higher milk yields.Twenty Holstein-Friesian cows (median calving date 10 February 1997) were each supplemented with 4 kg concentrates day-1 and strip-grazed a perennial ryegrass pasture in four groups of 5 cows.

The distribution of errors associated with genotype and environment during the prediction of the water-soluble carbohydrate concentration of perennial ryegrass cultivars using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Significant deviations associated with site or cultivars within sites were detected in 4 of 6 independent near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations developed to predict water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations in perennial ryegrass herbage harvested from 2 sites. These effects were observed both when calibration subsets were selected on the basis of spectral characteristics, and when calibration sets were balanced with respect to a priori knowledge of the structure of the data set. However, there were also instances when non-random deviations were not significant, demonstrating that it was possible to develop broadly based NIRS calibrations to predict WSC in perennial ryegrass. Deviations between NIRS predictions and reference values should be monitored, with reference to the structure of the experiment from which the samples were derived, before NIRS estimates of WSC concentration are used in agronomy or plant breeding.

Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows under strip-grazing management

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 49-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Orr ◽  
S.M. Rutter ◽  
P.D. Penning ◽  
N.H. Yarrow ◽  
L.D. Atkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Strip Grazing ◽  
Friesian Cows

Grazed herbage is the cheapest feed available for dairy cows but total intake of nutrients from grazed pasture alone is generally insufficient to allow high yielding dairy cows to reach their production potential. Cows have their main daily meal following afternoon milking in the period up to sunset (e.g. Rook et al., 1994 ). In addition, both the DM content and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of grass increase over the day (e.g. Orr et al., 1997) due to the loss of moisture and the accumulation of the products of photosynthesis. Based on this evidence, this study tested the hypothesis that dairy cows receiving strip-grazing allocations following the afternoon rather than the morning milking would show higher intake rates and consequently higher milk yields.Twenty Holstein-Friesian cows (median calving date 10 February 1997) were each supplemented with 4 kg concentrates day-1 and strip-grazed a perennial ryegrass pasture in four groups of 5 cows.

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