scholarly journals Farmer experience with tree fodder

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
J.F.L. Charlton ◽  
G.B. Douglas ◽  
B.J. Wills ◽  
J.E. Prebble
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
Tree Fodder ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Natural Leaf ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Grazing Livestock

Use of trees for drought feed on New Zealand farms has been practised sporadically for many years, after farmers found that tree prunings were useful as supplementary feed during summer droughts. The Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry (MAF) Sustainable Farming Fund recently funded a farmer-led team to develop the concept of tree fodder use on livestock farms in the southern North Island. Livestock farmers in Hawke's Bay, Rangitikei and Wairarapa who are already using tree fodder were interviewed to generate practical guidelines from their experience. Additional experience from Otago has been included here. Farmers obtain tree fodder by pruning and pollarding soil conservation trees, and by coppicing or grazing livestock on fodder blocks, or by taking advantage of natural leaf fall from poplar trees. The most common practice was pruning willows and poplars originally planted for soil conservation, during summer using a chainsaw. Most farmers found tree fodder feeding a valuable practice and well worthwhile. Over a three-tofour week period, two farmers reported taking 1.5-2 hours per day to feed 1,000 sheep, or cutting five or six trees per day to feed approximately 1,000 ewes. Keywords: tree fodder; poplars; willows; coppicing; pruning.

Seasonal wound presence and susceptibility to Neonectria ditissima infection in New Zealand apple trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.T. Amponsah ◽  
M. Walter R.M. Beresford ◽  
R.W.A. Scheper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Scar ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Different Types

Leaf scar wounds are important sites for Neonectria ditissima infection of apple trees Monitoring leaf fall in Scilate/Envy and Braeburn trees to estimate leaf scar wound presence showed maximum leaf scar incidence occurred in June (early winter) Wounds detected in New Zealand apple orchards were bud scale scars fruit thinning and picking wounds leaf scars and pruning cuts Picking wounds are caused during harvest where the pedicel is detached from the shoot Susceptibility of these different types of wounds was determined using artificial inoculation of N ditissima conidia during the season Pruning cut wounds were the most susceptible followed by fruit picking and thinning wounds and the least susceptible were leaf scar wounds No infections were observed when bud scale wounds were inoculated There was no difference in wound susceptibility between cultivars but overall Scilate/Envy wounds developed more lesions than Braeburn wounds

Methane emissions measured directly from grazing livestock in New Zealand

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (18) ◽  
pp. 2905-2914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Lassey ◽  
Marcus J. Ulyatt ◽  
Ross J. Martin ◽  
Carolyn F. Walker ◽  
I. David Shelton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Grazing Livestock

scholarly journals INTENSIVE PASTURE UTILIZATION AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND

1970 ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
A.G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Traditional Pattern ◽  
Economic Future

COMMERCIAL, non-pedigree, livestock farmers in New Zeal. and find their economic future limited by the volume of animal products which they can sell from their farms. Inexpensive fodders and grains are not available in sufficient quantity to permit anything approaching the "feedlot" farming of other countries. Increased volume of output must, therefore, come substantially from those crops the farm can grow, and grow most efficiently. Climate, topography and experience currently dictate that this is the grass crop. The development of new skills and new technology may change this on those limited areas of New Zealand on which topography permits arable farming, but any widespread modification to the traditional pattern is a long way off.

Current issues in trace element nutrition of grazing livestock in Australia and New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Masters ◽  
G. J. Judson ◽  
C. L. White ◽  
J. Lee ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Trace Element Nutrition ◽  
Grazing Livestock

Improving trace element nutrition of grazing animals, in a way that is cost effective and that meets consumer perceptions and preferences, is a continuing challenge. This review focuses on research over the past 10 years, addressing issues and perspectives on the roles, risks of inadequacy, and supplementary remedies of key trace elements, both essential and deleterious, which have an impact on the productivity and product quality of grazing livestock throughout Australia and New Zealand. The emphasis is on copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), selenium (Se), and, to a lesser extent, zinc (Zn) — the trace elements most frequently found to be deficient in parts of Australia and New Zealand. Research continues to elucidate new roles for trace elements in the animal, and as this leads to a better understanding of requirements, diagnostic criteria and supplementation strategies need re-evaluation. Newer perspectives on marginal deficiency for Cu, I, Se, and Zn are given and issues for risk management discussed. Advances in sustained delivery of trace elements such as Co (as vitamin B12), I, and Se are reported. The diagnosis and management of marginal Cu deficiency continue to be difficult, especially in New Zealand where recent work has shown that dietary antagonists [iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and sulfur (S)] may impair Cu absorption at lower intakes than previously thought. There is still a dearth of scientific data on the advantages of using so-called organic trace element supplements (metals complexed or chelated with amino acids or peptides). Nevertheless their usage continues to increase. There is increasing evidence that trace elements influence the pathophysiology arising from the ingestion of toxins. This review summarises recent work on the role of Co in annual ryegrass toxicity; Cu, Se, and Zn in lupinosis; Cu and alkaloid toxicity; Zn and facial eczema; and Co and white liver disease. Trace elements are required to support immune function (e.g. as imposed parasite infection) and marginal deficiencies may be exacerbated by an immunological challenge. The roles of Cu, Co, Mo, Se, and, to a lesser extent, chromium and Zn have attracted attention and under conditions of stress there may be an additional need for these elements. Diversification in farming has led to the introduction of species such as deer (Cervus), alpacas (Camilids), emus, and ostriches (Ratites) and the paucity of information on trace element requirements for these species, and also for horses, indicates the need for further work. The effect of supplementation on trace element composition of meat, milk, and wool is also reviewed, both in terms of product characteristics and human health. Of the deleterious elements, cadmium has attracted the most interest and concern because of its introduction into the pastoral system from phosphate-based fertilisers.

Willow coppice and browse blocks: establishment and management

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
G.B. Douglas ◽  
T.N. Barry ◽  
N.A. Faulknor ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
A.G. Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
High Density ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Salix Matsudana ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Total Tree

Tree willow (Salix matsudana x alba) clone 'Tangoio' has potential as supplementary feed for livestock in summer/autumn drought. A trial was conducted in Hawke's Bay to determine the effect of planting stock (1.1 m stakes, 2 m poles) and cutting height (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) on edible (leaf + stem < 5 mm diameter) and total tree biomass in 2002 and 2003. Tangoio was also established progressively in high density (4,000-6,900 stems/ha) browse fodder blocks in Wairarapa using 0.75 m stakes, and the trees were browsed with sheep in summer 2003, when the blocks were aged 1-3 years. Total tree yield in all trials ranged from 0.12 to 2.29 t DM/ha/ yr, of which 30-50% was edible. Trees cut to 0.5 m above ground often yielded more (P < 0.05) than those cut at 0.25 m. Tangoio established well in the browse blocks but its biomass was < 20% of that of the understorey pasture. Best management techniques for coppice and browse blocks are recommended. Keywords: willow; supplementary feed; soil conservation; defoliation; tree-pasture systems

Valsa sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Poplar Trees

Abstract A description is provided for Valsa sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Valsa sordida is usually associated with Valsa canker of poplar twigs. Wounded trees, and trees injured by insects or attacked by other pathogens are more susceptible to infection. Development of Valsa canker is affected by environmental stress (Guyon, 1996; Tao et al., 1984). Poplar canker caused by V. sordida has been studied in different countries (CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, 1977; Worrall, 1983; Wang et al., 1981) The fungus can be often found in declining poplar stands together with another pathogen of poplar trees, Leucostoma niveum. Valsa sordida may also cause necrosis of willow twigs. HOSTS: Populus spp., Salix spp. and, more rarely, other woody angiosperms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan. Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Tatarstan), Turkey, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia (Victoria), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan). USA (California, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota). South America: Chile. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Yellow or orange exudation of conidia from conidiomata can be often seen after rain.

Livestock production post CAP reform: Implications for the environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 243-243
Author(s):  
D. R. Oglethorpe
Keyword(s):  
Farm Income ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Direct Support ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Annual Premium ◽  
Single Farm Payment ◽  
Average Position

We now live in a Decoupled world. The direct support measures paid to farmers as part of the CAP Pillar 1 agricultural support, which paid them according to the number of livestock held or areas of crops grown, have been replaced by a Single Farm Payment (SFP). In the UK as a whole, these direct subsidy payments represented 77% of Total Income from Farming (TIFF) in 2004 and a large proportion of farmers would derive negative net farm incomes in the absence of them. In particular, livestock farmers appear to depend crucially on direct subsidies such as Suckler Cow Premium, Sheep Annual Premium and Beef Special Premium. The latest average position for LFA grazing livestock producers is that 188% of NFI is derived from subsidies and for lowland livestock producers the situation is even worse, at 259%. This suggests that if these subsidies were removed, Net farm Income would be negative and the business would be unsustainable.

Development of a New Zealand SedNet model for assessment of catchment-wide soil-conservation works

Geomorphology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Dymond ◽  
Alexander Herzig ◽  
Les Basher ◽  
Harley D. Betts ◽  
Mike Marden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Conservation

scholarly journals Trace Element Supplementation of Livestock in New Zealand: Meeting the Challenges of Free-Range Grazing Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville D. Grace ◽  
Scott O. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Cobalt Copper

Managing the mineral nutrition of free-range grazing livestock can be challenging. On farms where grazing animals are infrequently yarded, there are limited opportunities to administer trace element supplements via feeds and concentrates. In New Zealand, where the majority of sheep, cattle, and deer graze pasture year round, inadequate intake of cobalt, copper, iodine and selenium is prevalent. Scientists and farmers have developed efficient strategies to monitor and treat these dietary deficiencies. Supplementation methods suited to grazing livestock include long-acting injections, slow-release intraruminal boluses, trace element-amended fertilisers, and reticulated water supplies on dairy farms.

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