IndiaFirst Life Insurance: Planning Next-Level Growth by Corporate Entrepreneurship

IndiaFirst Life Insurance (IFLI) became the 23rd entrant in India’s life insurance industry by launching its operations in November 2009 (IndiaFirst Life Insurance, 2015). IFLI went on to break-even within 6 years of its inception by declaring maiden profits in FY 2015–2016 (IndiaFirst Life Insurance, 2015). The company stated its vision as—‘To become a Life Insurance and Pension business leader that provides significant value to all its stakeholders enabling a true customer delight’ (IndiaFirst Life Insurance, 2015). In order to implement its vision, IFLI worked its human resource policies and processes around the ‘Employees First’ approach (IndiaFirst Life Insurance, 2015). These processes had helped IFLI to become the fastest-growing company in the life insurance sector, and it was ranked 12th amongst the private insurers in terms of market ranking in individual annual premium equivalent for FY 2016–2017 ( Times of India, 2017). The company aimed to become a top 10 life insurance provider in the next few years in India in terms of retail premium business ( Times of India, 2017).

The Annual Premium of Life Insurance on The Joint-Life Status based on The 2011 Indonesian Mortality Table

Life insurance is insurance that protects against risks to someone's life. Joint Life Insurance is insurance where the life and death rules are a combination of two or more factors, such as husband-wife or parent-child, and if the first death occurs, then the premium payment process is stopped. The annual premium is the premium paid annually. In this study, the annual premium is calculated continuously with the equivalence principle based on the 2011 Indonesian Mortality Table. The calculation shows that the amount of annual premiums for 2 (two) and 3 (three) people is not much different. The factors that influence the annual premium amount are the duration insurance period, age at signing the policy, interest rates, life chances, force of mortality, and the number of benefits.

A Study on Customer’s Preference for Personal Vehicle Insurance Provided by Different Insurance Companies in Bengaluru

The primary purpose of vehicle insurance is to cover the vehicle against damage, personal injury, and third-party liability. In addition to this, some insurance companies also provide value-added services such as roadside assistance and other services in return of the amount called as premium which attracts a large number of customers. However, our study shows that vehicle owners give maximum importance to the cost of insurance in terms of the annual premium. Primary data has been collected through questionnaire and analysed to ascertain about the factors responsible for taking out vehicle insurance, choice between private and public sector insurance companies, preferred insurance companies among the major players in the field, factors that play a role in the customers’ choice of a particular insurance company, customers’ opinion about the affordability of the premium to be paid, customers’ satisfaction with their chosen company, whether customers consider fast and efficient service as a deciding factor, and whether the brand value of the company plays a role in the customers’ choice.

The Constant Annual Premium and Benefit Reserve for Four Participants in Joint Life Insurance

This research discusses the derivation of formula to calculate the constant annual premiums and the benefit reserves for joint insurance consisting of four people. We combine pure endowment insurance, lifetime insurance, and n-year term insurance. Assumed that the benefits are set at the beginning of the insurance contract, the benefit reserves are calculated using the prospective method, and the premium payment stops if one of those four participants dies. If all participants live until the end of the contract, the benefits are paid at once but if one of the participants dies, the benefits paid at the end of the contract in the form of a lifetime annuity. The formula to calculate the benefit reserves is divided into four cases i.e. the benefit reserves if one of four participants dies, the benefit reserves if two of four participants die, the benefit reserve if three of four participants die, and the benefit reserves if all participants are still alive until the end of the contract. Besides, we also present simulation to calculate the constant annual premium for four participants consist of a father (50 years old), a mother (45 years old), a son (20 years old), and a daughter (15 years old). From the simulation, we conclude that as the length of the insurance contract increases, the premium tends to decrease. The benefit reserve calculation does not have a certain tendency. It generally increases during the insurance period (the premium is still paid) and then decreases thereafter. This is valid for all cases mentioned above.Keywords: n-year term insurance; prospective method; pure endowment insurance. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas mengenai penurunan rumus untuk menghitung premi tahunan konstan dan cadangan benefit untuk asuransi gabungan yang terdiri dari empat orang. Jenis asuransi yang digunakan adalah kombinasi antara asuransi endowment murni, asuransi seumur hidup dan asuransi berjangka n-tahun. Diasumsikan bahwa benefit ditetapkan di awal kontrak asuransi dan pembayaran premi berhenti jika salah seorang dari keempat peserta meninggal dunia. Jika seluruh peserta hidup sampai dengan akhir kontrak maka benefit dibayarkan secara sekaligus, namun jika salah satu dari peserta telah meninggal dunia maka benefit yang dibayarkan pada akhir tahun kontrak dalam bentuk anuitas seumur hidup. Rumus yang diperoleh untuk menghitung cadangan benefit dibagi menjadi empat kasus yaitu cadangan benefit jika satu orang meninggal dan tiga orang lainnya hidup, cadangan benefit jika dua orang meninggal dan dua orang lainnya hidup, cadangan benefit jika tiga orang meninggal dan satu orang lainnya hidup, dan cadangan benefit jika semua peserta tetap hidup sampai akhir masa kontrak. Pada akhir penelitian, disajikan simulasi perhitungan premi tahunan konstan untuk empat peserta yang terdiri dari ayah (berusia 50 tahun), ibu (45 tahun), anak laki-laki (20 tahun), dan anak perempuan (15 tahun). Dari simulasi diperoleh bahwa semakin lama kontrak asuransi maka premi yang dibayakan cenderung semakin kecil. Perhitungan cadangan benefit tidak memiliki kecenderungan tertentu, namun pada umumnya meningkat selama masa asuransi berlangsung (pembayaran premi masih dilakukan) kemudian menurun setelahnya. Hal ini berlaku untuk seluruh kasus yang telah dibahas pada perhitungan rumus cadangan premi.Kata kunci: asuransi berjangka n-tahun; metode prospektif; asuransi endowment murni.

PERHITUNGAN PREMI TAHUNAN TIDAK KONSTAN DAN CADANGAN BENEFIT ASURANSI LAST SURVIVOR DWIGUNA

Last Survivor Insurance is life insurance for two or more participants with premiums paid until the death of the last participant. This study discusses last survivor endowment insurance for two participants in a married couple. Compensation is paid after the second person dies or both stills alive after the end of a contract. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of non-constant annual premium and benefits reserves in the last survivor endowment insurance. The equivalence principle is used for calculation of premiums. Furthermore, the benefit reserve formula is determined using a prospective method. The value of the benefit reserve will continue to increase as long as premium payments are still being made.

Calculation and Management of Premium Funds in Sharia Insurance (Ta'min, Takaful or Tadhamun)

This research discusses the calculation of the premium of term life-insurance based on sharia principles. The difference between the conventional method and the sharia principle is in the concept of interest rates. In this research, the concept of interest in the conventional method is replaced by the Return on Investment (ROI) that changes stochastically following the Langevin type model. The Monte-Carlo simulation is applied to generate the ROI with some initial values. On the mechanism of premium management, we apply the system without a saving element and the Al-Mudharabah relationship where the participants will get a sharing-profit of the operating surplus if they don’t make a claim until the end of the agreement period. We assume that the administrative expenses only charged in the first year. Therefore, the operating surplus will be greater after the first year. In addition, we do 20 times of Monte–Carlo simulations to generate the ROI with initial value are 7.5%, 9%, and 10%. The result shows that the annual premiums become smaller when the ROI become greater and vice versa. This is because the company get a smaller return when the initial of ROI is small. So the annual premium will be greater. The annual premium for male participants is greater than women because the rate of death of men is greater than women. The other factors that make the annual premium more expensive are length of the agreement and greater compensation.Keywords: Langevin type model, stochastic differential equation, system without a saving element, Al-Mudharabah principle, Monte–Carlo simulation. AbstrakPenelitian ini membahas mengenai perhitungan dana premi asuransi jiwa berjangka berdasarkan prinsip–prinsip syariah. Perbedaan antara metode konvensional dengan prinsip syariah adalah pada konsep tingkat bunga. Pada penelitian ini, konsep bunga digantikan dengan nilai Return on Investment (ROI) yang berubah secara stokastik mengikuti model tipe Langevin. Simulasi Monte–Carlo diterapkan untuk membangkitkan nilai ROI menggunakan beberapa nilai awal. Pada mekanisme pengelolaan dana premi, kami menerapkan sistem tanpa unsur tabungan dan hubungan Al-Mudharabah dimana peserta akan mendapatkan bagi hasil atas surplus operasional jika peserta tersebut tidak melakukan klaim sampai akhir masa perjanjian. Kami mengasumsikan bahwa biaya administrasi hanya dibebankan pada tahun pertama. Sehingga surplus operasional akan menjadi lebih besar setelah tahun pertama. Selain itu, kami melakukan 20 kali simulasi Monte–Carlo untuk membangkitkan ROI dengan nilai awal 7.5%, 9%, dan 10%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa premi tahunan akan semakin kecil jika nilai awal dari ROI membesar dan sebaliknya. Hal ini disebabkan oleh keuntungan perusahaan yang kecil jika nilai awal ROI semakin kecil sehingga premi tahunan haruslah lebih besar. Premi tahunan untuk peserta laki-laki cenderung lebih besar daripada premi tahunan peserta wanita. Hal ini karena tingkat kematian laki-laki lebih tinggi daripada wanita. Faktor lain yang membuat premi tahunan lebih besar adalah lamanya masa kontrak asuransi dan kompensasi yang semakin besar.Kata kunci: Model tipe Langevin, persamaan diferensial stokastik, sistem tanpa unsur tabungan, prinsip Al-Mudharabah, simulasi Monte–Carlo.

MENENTUKAN FORMULA CADANGAN PREMI ASURANSI JIWA LAST SURVIVOR MENGGUNAKAN METODE NEW JERSEY

Last survivor life insurance is a type of life insurance for two or more people, with premium payment up to the last death of the insured and at that time also provide the benefit from the insurer. The purpose of this research was to determine the formula for last survivor life insurance premium reserve using New Jersey method. To calculate the reserve: first we determine the benefit, and then the annuity and finnaly the annual premium. The premium reserve value in the New Jersey method on first year is zero. The premium reserve in the New Jersey method starts in the second year, for years, with where n represents the term of the insurance participant’s contract.

Premiums for Non-Sustainable and Sustainable Components of Market Volatility: Evidence from the Korean Stock Market

The study investigates the premiums expected for non-sustainable and sustainable components of market volatility in Korea during the August 1991 to December 2018 period. We decompose market volatility into non-sustainable and sustainable components and construct the factors that mimic the two respective components of market volatility. The portfolio analysis and Fama-MacBeth regressions reveal that both short- and long-term components are negative pricing factors in the Korean stock market. Specifically, stocks with higher sensitivities to the long-term volatility factor have lower average annual returns by approximately 14%, than stocks with lower sensitivities. This implies that stocks with high sensitivity to sustainable volatility provide a hedging opportunity against future uncertainty, and thus, investors are willing to pay an annual premium of 14% for such stocks. Our results are robust to variations in samples and methods.

California earthquake insurance unpopularity: the issue is the price, not the risk perception

Despite California being a highly seismic prone region, most homeowners are not covered against this risk. This study analyses the reasons for homeowners to purchase insurance to cover earthquake losses, with application in California. A dedicated database is built from 18 different data sources about earthquake insurance, gathering data since 1921. A new model is developed to assess the take-up rate based on the homeowners’ risk awareness and the average annual insurance premium amount. Results suggest that only two extreme situations would lead all owners to cover their home with insurance: (1) a widespread belief that a devastating earthquake is imminent, or alternatively (2) a massive decrease in the average annual premium amount by a factor exceeding 6 (from USD 980 to 160, 2015 US dollars). Considering the low likelihood of each situation, we conclude from this study that new insurance solutions are necessary to fill the protection gap.