scholarly journals Biological Origin of Egoism in Human Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
E. Omelchanko
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Biological Principle ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Professional Psychologists

The article considers the biological principle of egoism in relation to human nature and the moral development of a person, criticism of the concepts of the selfishness of human nature. The different points of view of the professional psychologists are analyzed.

Reason, Development, and the Conflicts of Human Ends: Sir Isaiah Berlin's Vision of Politics

1980 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Kocis
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Human Values ◽  
The Political ◽  
Positive Liberty ◽  
Political Question

At the root of the conflict between Berlin and his critics is a fundamental disagreement over the possibility of certainty and over the relation of human ends to politics. Gerald MacCallum's formalist critique obscures the political question of whose values a free person is at liberty to pursue. Macpherson's attempt to defend positive liberty as not rationalistic is shown to fail because he (a) conflates liberty with its conditions and (b) assumes a rational pattern to human moral development. And Crick charges Berlin with ignoring politics, understood as active participation in the polis. Finally, Berlin's conception of politics as a form of human interaction aimed at creating the conditions of human dignity in a situation where we sincerely disagree over the ends of life is shown to be an effort to liberate us to live life for our own purposes. Yet Berlin's defense of liberty is problematic because it is too skeptical; to overcome this difficulty, a non-teleological yet developmentalist account of human nature and a weakly hierarchical account of human values is suggested.

scholarly journals La condición humana y el Estado en Hobbes

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Sierra Salas
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Natural Condition ◽  
State Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Civil State ◽  
Political Work ◽  
The Human Condition

Sobre la condición humana en la teoría del Estado de Hobbes. La necesidad de comprender la condición humana como razón de ser del Estado, se hace evidente a los largo de la obra política de Hobbes. Por eso, cabe notar cómo, paralelamente en los libros Elementos del Derecho Natural y Político, De Civey el Leviatán, el pensador inglés dedica parte de su estudio a la explicación de la naturaleza humana, y a la dramática condición de los hombres que habitan en medio de una situación de guerra permanente, surgida a partir del dominiode las pasiones naturales sobre el comportamiento humano. Así mismo, hace ver que la legitimación del Estado Civil y la justificación de elementos como el Derecho, la Ley, la soberanía, entre otros, surge de la necesidad de garantizarla paz y la seguridad a los hombres, lo cual significa sacarlos de su estado natural.Palabras clave: Hobbes, estado de naturaleza, Estado Civil.AbstractThe Human Condition in Hobbes’ State Theory. The need to understand the human condition as reason of being of the State becomes evident throughout Hobbes’s political work. For this reason, it is important to note how in the books, The Elements of Law Natural and Politic, On the Citizen, and TheLeviathan, the English thinker dedicates part of his study to the explanation of human nature and to the dramatic condition of men who live in an environment of permanent war. This environment arises from the domain of natural passions that make up human behavior. Likewise, it is shown that the legitimacy of the Civil State and the justification of elements, such as rights, Law and sovereignty among others, arise from the need to guarantee peace and safety for humanbeings, which means removing them from their natural state.Key words: Hobbes, natural condition, Civil State.

The Tyranny of Idealistic Certitude and Imagined Utopias

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-104
Author(s):  
Daniel Chirot
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Normal Human

This chapter argues that the more transformative the utopia, the more likely it was to meet inevitable, practical barriers. No utopia yet devised fully took into account the imperfections of normal human behavior. Rather than accepting the limitations of their utopian dreams, revolutionary leaders increasingly applied violence to reshape not only their societies but human nature itself. They died unrepentant, still certain they had been right. Within this backdrop, the chapter first turns to the confounding case of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. This revolution had many of the elements that produced so much violence and repression in previous examples. Yet the Mexican Revolution never became as radical as these others because it did not formulate a coherent utopian ideal. After considering this seeming exception, the chapter turns to the examples of tyrannical certitude—revolutionary regimes willing and able to commit bloody excesses in order to bring about their imagined utopias.

Scientific History and Experimental History

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph Roth
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Experimental History

The promise of scientific history and scientifically informed history is more modest today than it was in the nineteenth century, when a number of intellectuals hoped to transform history into a scientific mode of inquiry that would unite the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, and reveal profound truths about human nature and destiny. But Edmund Russell in Evolutionary History and Jared Diamond and James A. Robinson in Natural Experiments of History demonstrate that historians can write interdisciplinary, comparative analyses using the strategies of nonexperimental natural science to search for deep patterns in human behavior and for correlates to those patterns that can lead to a better, though not infallible, understanding of historical causality.

Xunzi in the Light of the Guodian Manuscripts

Early China ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 113-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rakita Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Proper Values ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

This article discusses the several previously unknown Confucian texts discovered in 1993 in a Warring States tomb at Guodian, near Jingmen, Hubei Province. I believe that these works should be understood as doctrinal material deriving from a single tradition of Confucianism and datable to around 300 B.C. Of the surviving literature from the same period, they are closer to the Xunzi than to any other text, and anticipate several characteristic themes in Xunzi's philosophy. These are: the notion of human nature (xing 性),and the controversy over whether the source of morality is internar or “external”; the role of learning (xue 學)and habitual practice (xi 習) in moral development; the content and origin of ritual (li 禮), by which human beings accord with the Way; the conception of the ruler as the mind (xin 心) of the state; and the psychological utility of music (yue 樂) in inculcating proper values.It is especially important for scholars to take note of these connections with Xunzi, in view of the emerging trend to associate the Guodian manuscripts with Zisi, the famous grandson of Confucius, whom Xunzi bitterly criticized.

scholarly journals John Locke’s Philosophy as a Teaching about Human and their Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-141
Author(s):  
M. B Shvetsova
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Original Concept ◽  
Rational Component

Purpose. The article is aimed to outline Locke’s position on the basic principles of proper human behavior. Its implementation involves: a) review of the research literature concerning the place of anthropological motive in philosophizing and b) research of his interpretation of human nature and the role of the rational component. Theoretical basis. The author’s approach is based on the conceptual provisions of phenomenology and existentialism. Originality. The work considers the teaching of Locke as the author of the original concept of human nature, which is closely related to the understanding of ethical issues. It is proved that its meaningful development involves the identification of the main components of human nature in the process of determining the basic principles of personality behavior. The original conception of the thinker on the irrational component of human nature and the ways of its rationalization is analyzed. Conclusions. It is substantiated that Locke’s philosophical heritage is not reduced to depersonalized empiricism as epistemology, and his teaching about human is not limited to the abstract study of their rational component. The thinker connects the request of his own epoch with the new vision of human and the basic principles of their behavior on the basis of rationality. Locke is looking for the ways to master the irrational component of human nature and is convinced that in the era of the scientific revolution, the basis of human behavior should be rationality. Locke considers human freedom to be one of the key moments of human nature.

scholarly journals La limitada racionalidad humana

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascual F. Martínez-Freire
Keyword(s):  
Current Psychology ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Points Of View

RESUMENEn primer lugar, se analiza la teoría clásica, tal como la formuló Aristóteles, de los seres humanos como animales racionales. En segundo lugar, se presenta la caracterización del hombre como no animal e irracional que ofrece Martinho da Vila. En tercer lugar, se consideran las tesis freudianas sobre la mezcla de racionalidad e irracionalidad en los humanos. En cuarto lugar, se señalan algunos puntos de vista recientes, debidos a Simon así como a la psicología y neurociencia actuales, sobre la limitación de la razón humana y su relación con las emociones. Finalmente se argumenta que ni Aristóteles ni Martinho da Vila describen bien la condición humana.PALABRAS CLAVERACIONALIDAD-CONDICIÓN HUMANA-ARISTÓTELES-FREUDABSTRACTFistly the classical theory, as put forward by Aristotle, about the human beings as rational animals is analysed. Secondly the description of man as no animal and irrational offered by Martnho da Vila is presented. Thirly the Freudian thseses on the mixture os rational and irrational aspects in humans are considered. Forurthly some recent points of view, by Simon and the current psychology and neurosciencie, about the limitation of human reason and irs relation with emotions are pointed out. Lastly it is argued that neithert Aristotle nor Martinho da Vila decribe well the human nature.KEYWORDSRATIONALITY-HUMAN NATURE-ARISTOTLE-FREUD 

scholarly journals The Cynical Genius Illusion: Exploring and Debunking Lay Beliefs About Cynicism and Competence

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stavrova ◽  
Daniel Ehlebracht
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Academic Competency ◽  
Sociocultural Environment ◽  
Lay Beliefs ◽  
Negative Appraisal ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Low Levels

Cynicism refers to a negative appraisal of human nature—a belief that self-interest is the ultimate motive guiding human behavior. We explored laypersons’ beliefs about cynicism and competence and to what extent these beliefs correspond to reality. Four studies showed that laypeople tend to believe in cynical individuals’ cognitive superiority. A further three studies based on the data of about 200,000 individuals from 30 countries debunked these lay beliefs as illusionary by revealing that cynical (vs. less cynical) individuals generally do worse on cognitive ability and academic competency tasks. Cross-cultural analyses showed that competent individuals held contingent attitudes and endorsed cynicism only if it was warranted in a given sociocultural environment. Less competent individuals embraced cynicism unconditionally, suggesting that—at low levels of competence—holding a cynical worldview might represent an adaptive default strategy to avoid the potential costs of falling prey to others’ cunning.

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