scholarly journals 2. Household-Level Livestock Marketing Behavior among Northern Kenyan and Southern Ethiopian Pastoralists

2006 ◽  
pp. 15-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Barrett ◽  
Marc F. Bellemare ◽  
Sharon M. Osterloh
Keyword(s):  
Household Level ◽  
Livestock Marketing

Generation and analysis of biogas from kitchen waste at a small scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
Md. Kumail Naqvi ◽  
Mrinal Anthwal ◽  
Ravindra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Replacement Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Small Period

Biogas is the product of anaerobic vitiation of biodegradable matter. This paper focuses on the need of alternative and green sources of energy at a household level and how biogas produced from the everyday organic waste has the potential and possibility to replace LPG cylinders at houses, shops etc. and empower us to step towards an eco-friendly future. The purpose this small-scale experiment has been to find the perfect input matter that is easy to acquire and which produces the maximum amount of gas from minimum input and within small period of waste retention. Four different types of input waste material containing different quantities of cow dung and kitchen food waste were studied through individual experimental setups. Waste was mixed and kept at room temperature and the pH and total solid concentration of the samples were recorded on regular intervals. From the experiment it was found that the optimum yield of biogas at a small scale, based on the parameters such as retention period, pH and total solid con-centration can be obtained by the use of food waste form households and kitchens. The exact composition has been discussed in this paper. The energy generated by the small-scale generator has also been compared to that of an LPG cylinder and an LPG replacement model has also been presented.

Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-570
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Fertility Behaviour ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Difference

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.

Hasty Pudding Versus Tasty Bread: Regional Variations in Diet and Nutrition during the Industrial Revolution

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell ◽  
Deborah Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Nutritional Score

Using parish-level information from Sir F.M. Eden's The state of the poor (1797) we can identify typical diets for the counties of England. These diets varied considerably and afforded very different standards of nutrition. We compute a nutritional score for this diet, paying attention to the presence of vitamins, minerals and micronutrients shown to be essential for health and growth in constructing this measure. Other information in the reports allows us to relate county-level nutrition to factors in the local economy. In particular we find nutrition was positively related to the availability of common land in the area and to women's remunerated work if conducted from home. Lack of common land and little local supply of dairy products also pushed households into buying white wheaten bread rather than baking their own wholemeal loaf. Replicating some of this analysis with household-level data confirms these results. Diet also maps onto stature: male convicts to Australia were significantly taller if they originated in a county with a more nutritious diet. This verifies the important impact of nutrition on stature and demonstrates the sensitivity of height as a measure of key aspects of welfare.

Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marii Paskov ◽  
Joan E. Madia ◽  
Tim Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.

scholarly journals Household Economies of Chepang People in Chitwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ganesh Sharma ◽  
Badri Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Annual Income ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Development Committee ◽  
Stone Walls

<p>This study attempts to characterize a typical Chepang community in Chitwan  district with reference to their economy at household level based on the study conducted in Lothar Village Development Committee. Chepang are considered to be one of the highly marginalized communities in Nepal having traditional subsistence based small economies. Their houses are small with mud floor, stone walls and straw roofs. One third of the Chepang households do not have toilets. They rear small number of mixed livestocks in a house eg. Cattle, buffaloes, poultry, goat and pig. They do not have household amenities like freeze, telephone, television, computer, motorcar and motorbike; but have mobile phones. More than ninty percent of Chepang go to jungle to collect one or the other types of edibles like githavyakur, wild fruits, and chiuri.Ninty five percent of Chepang people do not have bank account, thus rely on their friends and relatives for borrowing in household needs for money. Chi-square test reveals highly significant association between size of landholding and food sufficiency months, level of education and annual income, purpose of taking loan and sources of loan; as well as estimated  annual income and account holding in bank.</p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong><em>, </em>Vol. XIII August 2016, page 39-45</p>

Patronage of urban commercial clusters: A network-based extension of the Huff model for balancing location and size

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Sevtsuk ◽  
Raul Kalvo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Spatial Networks ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Household Level ◽  
New Town ◽  
New Towns ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
User Access ◽  
Retail Demand

We introduce a version of the Huff retail expenditure model, where retail demand depends on households’ access to retail centers. Household-level survey data suggest that total retail visits in a system of retail centers depends on the relative location pattern of stores and customers. This dependence opens up an important question—could overall visits to retail centers be increased with a more efficient spatial configuration of centers in planned new towns? To answer this question, we implement the model as an Urban Network Analysis tool in Rhinoceros 3D, where facility patronage can be analyzed along spatial networks and apply it in the context of the Punggol New Town in Singapore. Using fixed household locations, we first test how estimated store visits are affected by the assumption of whether shoppers come from homes or visit shops en route to local public transit stations. We then explore how adjusting both the locations and sizes of commercial centers can maximize overall visits, using automated simulations to test a large number of scenarios. The results show that location and size adjustments to already planned retail centers in a town can yield a 10% increase in estimated store visits. The methodology and tools developed for this analysis can be extended to other context for planning and right-sizing retail developments and other public facilities so as to maximize both user access and facilities usage.

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