Reflections on the Making of Norway

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottar Brox
Keyword(s):  
Land Ownership ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Subsistence Economy ◽  
Peripheral Country ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Farm Ownership ◽  
North Norway

This chapter discusses the development of Norway - like Scotland, a small, peripheral country - into an economically efficient and relatively egalitarian nation. A comparison is drawn between the subsistence economy in Rural North Norway and the Scottish Highlands and Islands, and the effects of industrialisation and consequent urbanisation in both countries. It considers the effects of land ownership in Scotland where the pre-industrial subsistence system was largely destroyed, and contrasts it with the relative attractiveness of subsistence farming in Norway and the opportunities for farm ownership and pluriactivity available to the rural populace, which was denied to their Scottish counterparts. Various important factors which contributed to the existence of equable pay levels for rural and urban employment in Norway are also touched upon in the Chapter.

scholarly journals Wolf reintroduction to Scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1612) ◽  
pp. 995-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erlend B Nilsen ◽  
E.J Milner-Gulland ◽  
Lee Schofield ◽  
Atle Mysterud ◽  
Nils Chr Stenseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Rural And Urban

Reintroductions are important tools for the conservation of individual species, but recently more attention has been paid to the restoration of ecosystem function, and to the importance of carrying out a full risk assessment prior to any reintroduction programme. In much of the Highlands of Scotland, wolves ( Canis lupus ) were eradicated by 1769, but there are currently proposals for them to be reintroduced. Their main wild prey if reintroduced would be red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Red deer are themselves a contentious component of the Scottish landscape. They support a trophy hunting industry but are thought to be close to carrying capacity, and are believed to have a considerable economic and ecological impact. High deer densities hamper attempts to reforest, reduce bird densities and compete with livestock for grazing. Here, we examine the probable consequences for the red deer population of reintroducing wolves into the Scottish Highlands using a structured Markov predator–prey model. Our simulations suggest that reintroducing wolves is likely to generate conservation benefits by lowering deer densities. It would also free deer estates from the financial burden of costly hind culls, which are required in order to achieve the Deer Commission for Scotland's target deer densities. However, a reintroduced wolf population would also carry costs, particularly through increased livestock mortality. We investigated perceptions of the costs and benefits of wolf reintroductions among rural and urban communities in Scotland and found that the public are generally positive to the idea. Farmers hold more negative attitudes, but far less negative than the organizations that represent them.

Parent-Child Coresidence and Quasi-Coresidence in Peninsular Malaysia

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
ChorSwang Ngin ◽  
Julie DaVanzo
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Urban Living ◽  
Ethnographic Interviews ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Parent Child

AbstractThis paper reports the findings from focus group discussions and ethnographic interviews that were conducted in 1996 in Malay, Chinese and Indian communities in Peninsular Malaysia. Whereas a common perception in the literature is that formal parent-child coresidence remains the ideal, many urban participants of all ethnic groups felt that quasi-coresidence-parents and their adult children living nearby and assisting each other but not actually coresiding was a desirable arrangement, but there were different degrees of emphasis and different motivations, depending on the traditional pressure on coresidence and their experience with urban living. Multiple forces are shaping decisions regarding intergenerational living arrangements, including religion, traditional ideals regarding post-marital residence, labour market opportunities and women's participation in urban employment, availability and cost of housing, needs for childcare, people's experience with rural and urban living, and the health status and socioeconomic status of the elderly.

scholarly journals A Structural Equation Modeling of the Wealth and Welfare Components in Iranian Households: Rural and Urban Dichotomies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sediqe Shafiei ◽  
Sareh Shakerian ◽  
Shahram Yazdani ◽  
Mohammad-Pooyan Jadidfard ◽  
A. Hamid Zafarmand
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract Background: Increasing social welfare and reducing poverty are to ensure the well-being of all classes of a society. Cities and villages are distinguished by cultural and economic disparities. The purpose of this study was to develop and present a comprehensive model on welfare and wealth components and their relationship with each other, as well as determining the contributing factors and variables affecting them by presenting a comprehensive model. Methods: The components of wealth and welfare were determined based on the national data comprising 19261 rural and 18701 urban household participants. Initially, the conceptual model was drawn. Later, observed and latent variables of the model were analyzed and tested using AMOS software, in two exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data and investigate the causal relationship of latent variables.Results: The findings showed that the factors generating wealth in the urban initiate from education and lead to employment and then into income and ultimately provide wealth and welfare. Plus, there is no separation between the concept of welfare and wealth in urban society. However, land ownership is the prerequisite for wealth and welfare issues in a rural community. Moreover, wealth and welfare are two distinct phenomena in rural areas. Conclusions: The results of this study would provide the clear hints for effective policy making to resolve deprivation and poverty in Iranian rural and urban populations, prioritizing education for urban and land ownership for rural areas.

scholarly journals A Structural Equation Modeling of the Wealth and Welfare Components in Iranian households: Rural and Urban Dichotomies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sediqe Shafiei ◽  
Sareh Shakerian ◽  
Shahram Yazdani ◽  
Mohammad-Pooyan Jadidfard ◽  
A. Hamid Zafarmand
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban

Abstract Background Increasing social welfare and reducing poverty are to ensure the well-being of all classes of a society. Cities and villages are distinguished by cultural and economic disparities. The purpose of this study was to develop and present a comprehensive model on welfare and wealth components and their relationship with each other, as well as determining the contributing factors and variables affecting them by presenting a comprehensive model. Methods The components of wealth and welfare were determined based on the national data comprising 19261 rural and 18701 urban household participants. Initially, the conceptual model was drawn. Later, observed and latent variables of the model were analyzed and tested using AMOS software, in two exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data and investigate the causal relationship of latent variables. Results The findings showed that the factors generating wealth in the urban initiate from education and lead to employment and then into income and ultimately provide wealth and welfare. Plus, there is no separation between the concept of welfare and wealth in urban society. However, land ownership is the prerequisite for wealth and welfare issues in a rural community. Moreover, wealth and welfare are two distinct phenomena in rural areas. Conclusions The results of this study would provide the clear hints for effective policy making to resolve deprivation and poverty in Iranian rural and urban populations, prioritizing education for urban and land ownership for rural areas.

Land Relations in African Countries

1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan I. Potekhin
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
The South ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Subsistence Economy ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Land Relations

Agriculture is the main sphere of material production in all African countries. It is generally recognised that all African countries, excepting the South African Republic, belong to the group of under-developed agrarian countries. It is impossible to define the exact share of agriculture in the total annual output because of the predominance of the subsistence economy, and the almost total absence of statistics on this phase of labour. As a rule, the available statistics underestimate the share of agricultural output. Some idea about the role of agriculture in African economies can be gained from the data on the distribution of rural and urban population. Though in the past 20 years there has been considerable movement from villages to towns, nevertheless the rural population in various countries still constitutes from 67 per cent in Egypt (1957) to 96 per cent in Togo (1956). Only in the South African Republic is the urban population nearly half (46·6 per cent in 1951) of the whole population.1

scholarly journals Migration and mobility in a rapidly changing small town in northeastern Ethiopia

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Baker
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Marketing Service ◽  
The Town ◽  
Empirical Material

This paper presents empirical material collected in the zonal capital town of kemise (population around 34,000) and three surrounding rural areas (peasant associations) in northeastern ethiopia. The study area is located in the oromiya zone of the large amhara region. The paper attempts to show how rural areas and the town of kemise are economically interdependent and demonstrates the role of migration and mobility in influencing and shaping the rural and urban economies. The town fulfils, inter alia, important administrative, marketing, service and retailing functions. The most successful rural households appear to be those that use non-farm and off-farm opportunities and assets (for example, trade opportunities and/or urban employment) to diversify income sources and thereby avoid the uncertainties of relying solely on crop production for household security. As a backdrop to the whole discussion, the issue of widespread rural landlessness in the study area is investigated.

scholarly journals Rural and urban employment patterns in Brazil: a dynamic panel data approach

2018 ◽  
pp. 889-903
Author(s):  
Evanio Mascarenhas Paulo ◽  
Francisco José Silva Tabosa
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Employment Quality

This study applies a quantitative approach in dynamic panel data to capture the determinants of employment quality in Brazil through the model of generalized minimum moments. The results show that the rural universe persists as a more precarious environment than urban areas, although the differences has decreased with time. In addition, the results of this study show that growth of labor income and the level of education of employees are important tools not only to expand the levels of job quality, but also as response to dilemmas of the surveyed labor markets.

Land Ownership as an Urban Employment Disincentive for Rural Migrants in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Rao ◽  
Jingwen Yu ◽  
Hongfei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Land Ownership ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Urban Employment
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