The Tenant Right Agitation of 1849–50: Crisis and Confrontation on the Londonderry Estates in County Down

2018 ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Anne Casement
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Critical Moment ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
County Down

The numerous sales of landed property which took place under the aegis of Ireland’s Encumbered Estates Court are testimony to the critical blow dealt to the finances of Irish estates by the repeated failure of the potato crop in the 1840s. On the Londonderry estates in County Down, however, the critical moment did not occur until late 1850, and was brought about primarily by the activities of the Tenant League and not the fungus Phytophthora infestans. This chapter discusses the resulting management crisis, unparalleled in the career of an agent of twenty-two years standing, which was not amenable to solution by conventional methods.

Diversity of populations of Phytophthora infestans in relation to patterns of potato crop management in Latvia and Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kiiker ◽  
I. Skrabule ◽  
A. Ronis ◽  
D. E. L. Cooke ◽  
J. G. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Crop Management

scholarly journals La Investigación en el cultivo de papa en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia

Respuestas ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Lizeth Johana Sierra-Ariza ◽  
Katherin Dayana Suarez-Roberto ◽  
Jorge Enrique Villamil-Carvajal ◽  
Álvaro Enrique Alvarado-Gaona
Keyword(s):  
Plant Physiology ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Academic Program ◽  
Andean Potato ◽  
Potato Growth

ResumenAntecedentes: La papa (Solanum tuberosum L. grupo Andigena y Phureja) es un tubérculo de vital importancia en Colombia y en especial en el departamento de Boyacá. En la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) se cuenta con más de mil trabajos de grado, realizados en los 55 años de trayectoria del programa académico de Ingeniería Agronómica, entre los cuales 130 corresponden a investigaciones relacionadas con este cultivo. Objetivo: se recopiló información de dichos trabajos de grado desarrollados en este período y se analizaron 5 áreas de investigación: entomología, nutrición, fisiología vegetal, fitopatología y economía, en 3 lapsos de tiempo de 10 años cada uno y un último de 12 años. Resultados: En entomología se adelantaron 42 trabajos de grado (32,3%), siendo los de gusano blanco (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache) los más representativos. En el área de nutrición con 35 trabajos de grado (26,9%), se resaltaron los temas sobre correctivos de acidez y nutrición con elementos mayores N-P-K, haciendo énfasis en la evaluación del uso del fósforo. En fisiología vegetal se documentaron 20 trabajos de grado (15,4%), dentro de los cuales, se destacaron los temas sobre estadios fenológicos, crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo de papa. En economía con 18 trabajos de grado (13,8%), fue más importante la evaluación económica y respuesta agronómica en fertilización, y finalmente en fitopatología con 15 trabajos de grado (11,5%), el tizón tardío (Phytophthora infestans) correspondió al patógeno más estudiado. Conclusión: Esta revisión brinda información a estudiantes, profesionales e instituciones involucradas con el sector papero colombiano y departamental, para la orientación y enfoque de futuros trabajos de investigación.Palabras clave: economía, entomología, nutrición, fisiología vegetal, fitopatología.AbstractBackground: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Andigena y Phureja groups) is a very important tuber in Colombia, mainly in the Boyacá department. At the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC) students had developed over one thousand thesis, along 55 years of the agronomic engineer academic program, 130 of those related with potato crop. Objective: Information provided by those thesis during that period was taken together, and five research lines were analyzed: entomology, fertilization, plant physiology, phytopathology and economy in three timeframes of ten years and a last one of twelve years. Results: In the entomology area 42 studies were performed (32.3%), being Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache) the most representative. In the nutrition area with 35 studies (26.9%), the topics on soil acidity management were highlighted and plant nutrition with N-P-K elements, emphasizing in phosphorous use. In plant physiology 20 studies (15.4%) were documented, among which, phenology and potato growth and development were the most relevant. In the economic area with 18 studies (13.8%), the most important topic was economic evaluation and agronomic response to fertilization; and finally, in phytopathology with 15 studies (11.5%), late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was the most studied pathogen. Conclusion: This review brings information to students, professionals and institutions involved in potato crop production in Colombia and Boyacá, giving guidelines and focus for future potato research.Key words: economy, entomology, nutrition, plant physiology, phytopathology.Resumo Antecedentes: A batata (Grupo Solanum tuberosum L. Andigena e Phureja) é um tubérculo de vital importância na Colômbia e especialmente no departamento de Boyacá. Na Universidade de Pedagogia e Universidade Tecnológica da Colômbia (UPTC) existem mais de mil estudos de graduação, realizados nos 55 anos do programa acadêmico de Engenharia Agrícola, dentre os quais 130 correspondem a pesquisas relacionadas a esta safra. Objetivo: compilamos informações sobre esses estudos de pós-graduação desenvolvidos neste período e analisamos 5 áreas de pesquisa: entomologia, nutrição, fisiologia vegetal, fitopatologia e economia, em 3 períodos de 10 anos cada e nos últimos 12 anos. Resultados: na entomologia, 42 estudos de graduação (32,3%) foram avançados, com o verme branco (Premnotrypes vorax Hustache) sendo o mais representativo. Na área de nutrição com empregos de 35 graus (26,9%), foram enfatizados os sujeitos sobre a acidez e corretivos nutricionais com elementos N-P-K mais altos, com ênfase na avaliação do uso de fósforo. Vinte estudos de pós-graduação (15,4%) foram documentados em fisiologia vegetal, com ênfase em estádios fenológicos, crescimento e desenvolvimento de cultivo de batata. 18 postos de trabalho no grau da economia (13,8%), avaliação económica e resposta à fertilização Agronômico era mais importante, e, finalmente, em Fitopatologia 15 obras de graduação (11,5%), requeima (Phytophthora infestans) correspondeu para o patógeno mais estudado. Conclusão: esta revisão fornece informações aos alunos, profissionais e instituições envolvidas com o setor de papelaria colombiano e departamental, para orientar e focar futuros trabalhos de pesquisa.Palavras-chave: economia, entomologia, nutrição, fisiologia vegetal, fitopatologia.

scholarly journals Infection of Potatoes by Oospores of Phytophthora infestans in Soil

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 876-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Strömberg ◽  
L. Persson ◽  
M. Wikström
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Talcum Powder ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Nodal Cuttings

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, causing late blight on potatoes and considered to be a typical airborne disease, was found to be infective also by oospores in the soil. P. infestans is heterothallic, and is known to reproduce asexually in Sweden since only one mating type, A1, was present until 1986. Since the 1970s, the other mating type, A2, of P. infestans has migrated to most parts of the world from its original location in central Mexico (2). When A1 and A2 meet, they may form oospores, which are thick-walled, resting structures, giving the pathogen a possibility to recombine as well as survive without its host, for instance in the soil. The soil stages of the pathogen are now therefore under intense investigation. Oospores of P. infestans were produced from two Scandinavian A1 and A2 isolates in Rye A broth mixed with talcum powder and dried for 7 weeks. The inoculum was mixed with sterile, standardized soil in concentrations of 10, 150, 250, and 400 oospores per ml of soil. Cv. Bintje plants cultivated in vitro from nodal cuttings on Murashige and Skoog medium were transplanted to the soil after rooting. Brown discolorations were obtained on the underground stems and tubers on potato plants grown in the two highest concentrations of oospores for 1 month at 15°C and 16-h day length. After 3 days of incubation on P. infestans-selective medium (3), sporangia covered the tissue from plants grown in 250 and 400 oospores per ml of soil and the pathogen was reisolated. This shows that germinating oospores of P. infestans can infect underground stems and tubers of potatoes in soil and further explains the early attack of late blight as observed in a potato crop in Sweden 1996 and 1997 (1). References: (1) B. Andersson et al. Potato Res. 41:305, 1998. (2) D. Andrivon. Phytopathology 85:1053, 1995. (3) G. W. Griffith et al. Mycologist 9:87, 1995.

The scientific investigation of the failure of the potato crop in Ireland, 1845-6

1946 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Early Autumn

In the harvest of 1845 a disease, hitherto unknown in Ireland, phytophthora infestans, attacked the potato crop. The disease had made its appearance some years previously in north America and shortly afterwards in Europe. There is reason to believe that it already existed in south America, and it is possible that its failure to reach Europe with the early-introduced tubers was due to diseased tubers rotting during the long voyages under ‘ sail ’. The progress of the blight in European countries in the summer and early autumn of 1845 was reported in the Dublin Evening Post, which, without raising any serious alarm, pointed out the danger to the crop in Ireland. The seriousness of a failure of the staple food of the majority of the population must have been clear to every man struck by that possibility.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Resistensi dan Daya Hasil Enam Klon Harapan Kentang Transgenik Terhadap Serangan Penyakit Hawar Daun (Evaluation of Resistance to Late Blight and Tuber Yield of Six Potential Potato Transgenic Clones)

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
NFN Kusmana ◽  
Alberta Dinar Ambarwati
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Transgenic Potato ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Rb Gene

<p>Penyakit hawar daun (Phytophthora infestans) merupakan salah satu penyakit utama pada tanaman kentang. Kerusakan yang berat akibat penyakit hawar daun dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil panen sampai 80%. Gen pembawa ketahanan terhadap penyakit hawar daun dikenal dengan nama gen RB dan telah berhasil dimasukkan ke dalam genom kentang dan menghasilkan kentang transgenik. Tujuan penelitian untuk menguji ketahanan enam klon kentang transgenik terhadap serangan penyakit hawar daun (P. infestans) dan daya hasil. Penelitian dilakukan di Lapangan Uji Terbatas Desa Citere, Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung, 1.400 m di atas permukaan laut. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah, dengan petak utama perlakuan tidak disemprot fungisida dan disemprot fungisida dua kali seminggu dan anak petak 10 genotipe kentang yang terdiri atas enam hibrida kentang transgenik, satu genotipe kentang transgenik Katahdin SP951 sebagai pembanding resisten dan tiga varietas pembanding rentan kentang nontransgenik Granola, Atlantic, dan Katahdin. Jumlah ulangan tiga kali dengan populasi tanaman terdiri atas 50 tanaman/plot. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap vigor tanaman, insiden serangan hawar daun, dan komponen hasil. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa untuk vigor tanaman tidak terjadi interaksi serta antarperlakuan tidak berbeda nyata. Genotipe yang resisten terhadap hawar daun adalah klon 20, 27, 65, dan 66 setara dengan kontrol positif Katahdin SP951 dan nyata lebih resisten dari varietas pembanding Granola, Atlantic, dan Katahdin. Klon yang resisten terhadap hawar daun menampilkan hasil yang tinggi pada plot tidak disemprot fungisida, sementara pada plot disemprot fungisida 20 kali semua genotipe menampilkan hasil optimalnya. Tingkat kehilangan hasil mencapai 18,8–84,4%. Genotipe dengan intensitas serangan hawar daun tinggi memiliki tingkat kehilangan hasil yang juga tinggi. Klon 20 dan 27 menampilkan daya hasil yang relatif tinggi dengan penundaan penggunaan fungisida 7 minggu setelah tanam.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Genotipe; <em>P. infestans; Solanum tuberosum</em> L</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is one of main potato diseases. Due to severe damage to late blight potato, crop will be cause lost of harvest up to 80%. Gene carriers of resistance to late blight known as the RB gene and have been incorporate into the genom of potato and produce transgenic potato. The objective of the research was to test six advanced transgenic potato clones for resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans). The research was conducted at Confined Field Trial at Citere Village, Pangalengan District Bandung (1,400 m above sea level). The experimental design was split plot. The main plot was spray with fungicides twice/week and was replicated three times. Subplot were 10 potato genotypes, consists of six transgenic potato hybrids, transgenic Katahdin SP951 as resistant check and three varieties of nontransgenic as susceptible check, i.e. Granola, Atlantic, and Katahdin.  An experimental unit consists of 50 plants/plot, every treatment with three replicates. Plant observed were plant vigor, intensity of late blight damage, tuber yield component, and lost of yield. The result showed that there were no interaction of plant vigor and also all the treatmens were not significantly different. Transgenic potato clones of 20, 27, 65, 66, and Katahdin SP951 were resistant to late blight compare to check varieties of Granola, Atlantic, and Katahdin. The highest yielding at none spraying of fungicides were obtained from the resistance clones. Whereas,  on the 20 sprayed fungicides all of  the clones were high yielding. Tuber yield lossed ranged from 18,8–84,4%, the susceptible genotypes were also showed high losses. Clones 20 and 27 showed reletive high yielding and can be delayed application fungicides for period of 7 weeks after planting. </p>

scholarly journals Selection of potato genotypes Solanum tuberosum group Andigena by their tolerance to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) of Bary

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Lagos Regalado ◽  
Tulio Cesar Lagos Burbano ◽  
David Esteban Duarte Alvarado ◽  
Liz Katherine Lagos Santander
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Disease Progress Curve ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Number Of Stems

Phytophthora infestans is the most limiting biotic problem of potato crop in Colombia and the world. It is a pathogen that threatens the sustainability of the crop. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate work collections of potato to identify enotypes that show disease tolerance. The objective of this work was to  select genotypes of Solanum tuberosum group Andigena by their tolerance to P. infestans. This study  was carried out under conditions of Pasto, in the South of Colombia at 2,820 masl. A total of 76 introductions of guata potatoes were evaluated under natural inoculum, including Capiro as a susceptible control, Betina as moderately tolerant and Pastusa Suprema as highly tolerant. The number of stems and stolons per  plant was registered. Disease severity  assessments and traits related to the area under the disease progress curve were made. At harvest stage, yield values per plant and its components were recorded. Principal Component and Classification analyses discriminated tolerant introductions of susceptible. Significant positive correlations were found between the yield with the number of stolons, tubers per plant and tuber weight, and negative correlations with everity and area under the relative disease progress curve. The selected introductions showed high yield per plant and mostly minor severities to the population, indicating an agronomic potential that must be evaluated in different environments to determine its adaptability and stability. UdenarStGua53, UdenarStGua61, UdenarStGua68, UdenarStGua73, UdenarStGua75, UdenarStGua77 y UdenarStGua78, coming from the International Potato Center (CIP) are confirmed as a source of tolerance to P. infestans and can be considered as parental within species improvement programs.

scholarly journals Genotype reaction of Solanum tuberosum, andigena and phureja groups to late blight (Phytophthora infestans Mont. De Bary)

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (E) ◽  
pp. 138-157
Author(s):  
Jennyfer Moncayo ◽  
Roberth Delgado ◽  
Carlos Marcillo ◽  
Claudia Salazar ◽  
Carlos Betancourth
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Late Blight Disease ◽  
Disease Effect ◽  
Blight Disease

Potato crop is the fourth main food product in the world, but is affected by Phytophthora infestans, the late blight disease causal agent. This research was carried out in a town of Pasto high plateau, South of Colombia. In order to evaluate the reaction of different genotypes of creole potato (Solanum tuberosum groups Phureja and Andigena) with regard the disease. A Randomized Complete Block design was established with three repetitions, where 30 genotypes were distributed and three plants were evaluated per repetition during two crop cycles in natural exposure to the pathogen. To assess the disease effect on production, the same genotypes were maintained with chemical control in an adjacent batch. Genotypes classified as tolerant are Chaucha Manzana, Cachuda, Criolla Colombia, Malvaseña, Andina and Criolla, during the first cycle with performance values ​​between 23 to 26t.ha-1 and during the second to Calavera Negra, Chaucha Paisa, Ratona, Criolla Galeras, Ratona Roja, Tornilla Roja and Aguacata with performance values ​​between 23 to 28t.ha-1. The graphic severity scale allowed genotypes to be categorized as susceptible and highly susceptible. The results indicate that for the prevalent pathogen race in this study area, there are no resistance sources within the studied collection. However, genotypes such as Criolla Colombia and Andina showed a better performance in terms of yield.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Organic Products With Three Doses for Boat Control (Phytophthora Infestans) in Potato Cultivation (Solanum Tuberosum cv. Fripapa) Riobamba Canton, Chimborazo Province

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Abdo-Peralta ◽  
J. Haro ◽  
K. Carrera
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Performance

This research proposes to evaluate three ecological products with three doses for the control disease (Phytophthora infestans) in the potato crop (Solanum tuberosum cv. Fripapa) in the Riobamba canton, Chimborazo province. Three ecological products helped: Citrubact, Fosficarben, and Bioplus in high medium and low doses recommended by the producers, making applications every two weeks in this crop, to determine the best product in both the P. infestans control and performance of growing marginal rate. A design of randomized complete blocks (RCBD) in bifactorial combinations with 9 treatments, 4 replications and a control were used. As a result, the lower incidence of the disease was obtained by Fosficarben treatment in high doses (4cc/Lt) with 8.33%, due to the component ion phosphite, which has a direct effect on the fungal metabolism. The same behaviour was observed in the intensity where Fosficarben in high doses (4cc/Lt) obtained 12,83%, being the lower intensity of the research. The treatment with better performance was also Fosficarben in high doses with 21496, 80l<h/ha. According to the economic analysis the treatment composed by Citrubact in low-doses (lcc/Lt) got a higher marginal rate of return in relation to other treatments of 798.97% and a net income of 2631.28 USD and a variable cost, followed by the Bioplus treatmentdue in medium doses (4cc/Lt) with 765.14% of marginal rate. In conclusion, it is possible to control P. infestans in the potato crop by using ecological products, obtaining a good performance, a healthy product and economic income. Keywords: ecological products, potato crop, control disease. Resumen La presente investigación propone: evaluar tres productos ecológicos con tres dosis para el control de lancha (Phytophthora infestans) en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum cv. Fripapa) Cantón Riobamba, Provincia de Chimborazo. Ayudándonos de tres productos ecológicos: Citrubact. Fosficarben y Bioplus, en dosis alta media y baja recomendadas por las empresas productoras, realizando aplicaciones cada dos semanas en este cultivo, para determinar el mejor producto, tanto en el control de P. infestans, como en rendimiento del cultivo y tasa de retorno marginal. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) en arreglo bifactorial combinatorio, con 9 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones y un testigo. Resultando que la menor incidencia de la enfermedad la obtuvo el tratamiento formado por Fosficarben en dosis alta (4cc/lt) con 8,33%, esto se debe a que contiene ion fosfito, que ejerce un efecto directo sobre el metabolismo fúngico. El mismo comportamiento se pudo observar en la intensidad donde Fosficarben en dosis alta (4cc/lt) obtuvo 12,83% siendo la menor intensidad del estudio. El tratamiento con mayor rendimiento también fue Fosficarben en dosis alta (4cc/lt) con 21496,80 kg/ha. En al análisis económico el tratamiento formado por Citrubact en dosis baja (1 cc/lt) obtuvo una mayor tasa de retorno marginal en relación al resto de tratamientos de 798,97%, con un beneficio neto de 2631,28 USD y un costo variable de 177,55 USD; debido a su dosis baja, es el más rentable de los tratamientos en estudio, seguido por el tratamiento conformado por Bioplus en dosis media (4 cc/lt) con 765,14% de tasa de retorno marginal. En conclusión se puede controlar a P. infestans en el cultivo de papa utilizando productos ecológicos, obteniendo un buen rendimiento, un producto sano y generando ingresos económicos. Palabras clave: productos ecológicos, cosecha de papas, control de enfermedades.

Phytophthora infestans Prediction for a Potato Crop

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Iglesias ◽  
Olga Escuredo ◽  
Carmen Seijo ◽  
Jose Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Crop
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