scholarly journals Studi Kinetika Reaksi Metanolisis Pembuatan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) Menggunakan Reaktor Batch Berpengaduk

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Abdul Chalim ◽  
Agung Ari Wibowo ◽  
Ade Sonya Suryandari ◽  
Muhammad Muhajjir Syarifuddin ◽  
Moh. Tohir
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Surface Active

Surfaktan merupakan surface active agent yang banyak diaplikasikan dalam bidang industri kimia berkaitan dengan kemampuannya menstabilkan emulsi antara fasa minyak dan fasa air. Surfaktan berbasis minyak nabati merupakan pengembangan teknologi di bidang surfaktan yang selama ini didominasi oleh surfaktan berbahan baku minyak bumi. Metil ester sulfonat (MES) adalah surfaktan anionik yang dihasilkan melalui reaksi antara metil ester asam lemak dengan agen pensulfonasi atau yang lebih dikenal dengan reaksi sulfonasi. MES mengalami proses lanjutan yang disebut dengan reaksi metanolisis dan netralisasi. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh rasio mol reaktan, waktu reaksi dan suhu reaksi terhadap yield MES pada reaksi metanolisis. Yield MES tertinggi yaitu 49,71% dicapai pada suhu reaksi 120°C, waktu reaksi 120 menit dan rasio mol MES terhadap metanol 1:3. Konstanta laju reaksi metanolisis ditentukan dengan mereaksikan reaktan di dalam reaktor batch berpengaduk pada kondisi operasi tersebut.Surfactant is a surface active agent which is widely applied in chemical industry related to its ability to stabilize the emulsion between the oil phase and the water phase. Surfactant-based on vegetable oil is a technology developed in the field of surfactant which has been dominated by surfactants made from petroleum. Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant produced by the reaction between fatty acid methyl ester with a sulfonating agent or called as sulfonation reaction. MES undergoes an advanced process called methanolysis and neutralization reactions. This study investigated the effect of reactant molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature on MES yield on methanolysis reaction. The highest MES yield of 49.71% was achieved at a reaction temperature of 120°C, the reaction time of 120 minutes and the molar ratio between MES and methanol of 1:3. The rate constants of methanolysis reactions are determined by reacting the reactants in the stirred batch reactor under those operating conditions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RASIO MOL, SUHU DAN LAMA REAKSI TERHADAP BILANGAN IOD, BILANGAN ASAM, BILANGAN PEROKSIDA DAN KANDUNGAN SULFONAT SURFAKTAN DARI CPO

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati ◽  
Illim
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Amphiphilic Molecules ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Central Composite

 ABSTRACT A surfactant is a surface-active agent that can be produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis.  The main characteristic of a surfactant is having polar and non polar groups at the same molecule (amphiphilic molecules) and forming head-tail configuration. This research as aimed to obtain      the optimum condition (reaction temperature, sulphonation reaction and molar ratio)                              of sulphonation process in producing MES from CPO methyl ester and to investigate                          the characteristic of MES produced. Measurements conducted include iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and absorbance of Sulfonate. Experimental design used was Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors. MES resulted from this best condition   had following characteristic or CPO was obtained with ratio of reactants of 1:1.5, reaction time of 4.5 hour and reaction temperature of 108.9ºC with Acid value of 13.32 mg KOH/g sample, Iod value  of 41.12 Iod g/100 sample, Peroxide value of 7.6 mmole/1000 g, sulfonat absorbance of 0.76 AU. Keywords :  metil ester sulfonat, acid value, iod value, peroxide value    

scholarly journals Cu2+ Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyst as a Green Catalyst for Production of Stearic Acid Methyl Ester: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enas A. Almadani ◽  
Farah W. Harun ◽  
Salina M. Radzi ◽  
Syamsul K. Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Montmorillonite K10 ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Stearic Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Clay Catalyst

Clay catalyst has received much attention to replace the homogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction to produce fatty acid methyl ester as the source of biodiesel as it is low cost, easily available, as well as environmental friendly. However, the use of unmodified clay, in particular montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10), for the esterification of fatty acids showed that the acid conversion was less than 60% and this is not preferable to the production of biodiesel. In this study, synthesis of stearic acid methyl ester using Cu2+-MMT K10 (Cu-MMT K10) was successfully optimized via response surface methodo-logy (RSM) based on 3-variable of Box-Behnken design (BB). The parameters were; reaction time (5-180 minutes), reaction temperature (80-120 oC) and concentration of Cu2+ in MMT K10 (0.25-1 M). The use of RSM in optimizing the conversion of stearic acid was successfully developed as the actual experimental conversion of stearic acid was found similar to the actual values under the optimum conditions. The model equation predicted that the following conditions would generate the maximum conversion of stearic acid (87.05 %reaction time of 62 minutes, a reaction temperature of 80 oC and catalyst used is 1.0 M Cu-MMT K10. This finding can be considered as green catalytic process as it worked at moderate reaction temperature using low cost clay catalyst with a short reaction time. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 26th July 2017; Revised: 13rd January 2018; Accepted: 13rd January 2018; Available online: 22nd January 2018; Published regularly: 2nd April 2018How to Cite: Almadani, E.A., Harun, F.W., Radzi, S.M., Muhamad, S.K. (2018). Cu2+ Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyst as a Green Catalyst for Production of Stearic Acid Methyl Ester: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (1): 187-195 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.1.1397.187-195) 

Modeling and Analysis of Manufacturing Variables in the Transesterification Process for Refined Biodiesel Fuels

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 2133-2136
Author(s):  
Tsair Wang Chung ◽  
Yi Jen Chen ◽  
Kuan Ting Liu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Interaction Factor ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels ◽  
Main Factor

In this study, the factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the influence of manufacturing variables on the transesterification of plant oil into fatty acid methyl ester (i.e. biodiesel fuel) and to observe the variation of the degree of effect for each variable in the transesterification process with refined procedure. A second-order model was obtained to predict the viscosity and the yield of biodiesel fuel as a function of the reaction time, the mass fraction of catalyst in methanol and the molar ratio of methanol to plant oil. The experimental data of the yield and the viscosity of refined biodiesel fuels in different manufacturing variables are discussed in this study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also applied to discuss the main factor and interaction factor effects of the manufacturing variables on the responses of the yield of biodiesel fuels. As shown in this study, the amount of catalyst affects the viscosity and the yield of biodiesel fuels. The yield of methyl ester is proportional to the amounts of methanol in the reaction. The factor of reaction time affects the viscosity and the yield of the biodiesel fuel slightly.

scholarly journals Optimization of biodiesel production from Chlorella protothecoides oil via ultrasound assisted transesterification

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didem Özçimen ◽  
Ömer Gülyurt ◽  
Benan İnan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Chlorella Protothecoides ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

There is a growing interest in biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines because of the high oil prices and environmental issues related to massive greenhouse gas emissions. Nowadays, microalgal biomass has become a promising biodiesel feedstock. However, traditional biodiesel production from microalgae consumes a lot of energy and solvents. It is necessary to use an alternative method that can reduce the energy and alcohol consumption and save time. In this study, biodiesel production from Chlorella protothecoides oil by ultrasound assisted transesterification was conducted and effects of reaction parameters such as methanol:oil ratio, catalyst/oil ratio and reaction time on fatty acid methyl ester yields were investigated. The transesterification reactions were carried out by using methanol as alcohol and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The highest methyl ester production was obtained under the conditions of 9:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 1.5% potassium hydroxide catalyst in oil, and for reaction time of 40 min. It was also found that catalyst/oil molar ratio was the most effective parameter on methyl ester yield according to statistical data. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted transesterification may be an alternative and cost effective way to produce biodiesel efficiently.

scholarly journals PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM CRUDE COCONUT SEEDS OIL USING CAO/AL2O3 AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Jamilu Usman ◽  
Bashar Abdullahi Hadi ◽  
Buhari Idris ◽  
Umar Musa Tanko ◽  
Bashar Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Animal Fats

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard

scholarly journals IN SITU TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK BIJI MAHONI MENJADI METIL ESTER DENGAN CO-SOLVENT THF (TETRAHYDROFURAN)

REAKTOR ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvianto Dwi Daryono ◽  
Adrianus Chrisantus Rengga ◽  
Imaniar Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Methyl Oleate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
In Situ Transesterification ◽  
Process Solutions

Tujuan dari penelitian  adalah untuk mengkaji efektifitas penggunaan co-solvent THF pada reaksi transesterifikasi in situ minyak biji mahoni sebagai solusi proses pembuatan biodiesel yang efektif dan efisien. Variabel dan kondisi operasi  meliputi katalis NaOH, kecepatan pengadukan 450 rpm, suhu reaksi suhu kamar, rasio molar minyak:metanol = 1:101,39, rasio molar katalis:minyak = 0,5:1, % FFA minyak 1,42%, kadar air biji 0,8%, waktu reaksi 3, 8, 13, 18, dan 23 menit serta rasio molar minyak:THF 1:47,15, 1:57,85 dan 1:67,85. Biji mahoni yang telah dikeringkan dan dihaluskan ukuran +20/-30 mesh sebanyak 50 gram dimasukkan dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi pendingin balik dan ditambahkan metanol, THF dan katalis NaOH serta dilakukan reaksi sesuai dengan variabel dan kondisi operasi penelitian. Setelah reaksi selesai dipisahkan antara ampas dan filtratnya. Filtrat didistilasi pada suhu ± 70oC dan residu hasil distilasi dimasukkan dalam corong pemisah dan didiamkan selama ± 12 jam agar terbentuk 2 lapisan. Lapisan atas sebagai metil ester kemudian dianalisis konsentrasi metil oleatnya dengan GC. Dari data hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil terbaik pada rasio molar minyak:THF = 1:67,85 dan waktu reaksi 23 menit dengan  konsentrasi metil oleat 59,10% dan yield metil ester 79,69%. Densitas metil ester 0,8791 g/cm3 memenuhi SNI 04-7182-2006 yaitu 0,85 – 0,89 g/cm3. Kata kunci : biodiesel, co-solvent, minyak biji mahoni, transesterifikasi in situ Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the use of co-solvent THF for in situ transesterification reaction mahogany seed oil as a biodiesel manufacturing process solutions that effectively and efficiently. Variables and operating conditions include catalyst NaOH, stirring speed of 450 rpm, room temperature the reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil: methanol = 1: 101.39, the molar ratio of catalyst: oil = 0.5: 1, % FFA oil is 1,42%,  moisture content seed of 0.8%, reaction time is 3, 8, 13, 18, and 23 minutes, and the molar ratio of oil: THF is 1: 47.15, 1: 57.85 and 1: 67.85. Mahogany seeds that have been dried and pulverized size +20/-30 mesh as much as 50 grams included in the three-neck flask equipped condenser and added methanol, THF and catalyst NaOH and the reaction carried out in accordance with the variables and operating conditions. After the reaction is complete, the filtrate and cake was separated. The filtrate is distilled at a temperature of ± 70°C and the residue distilled included in the separating funnel and allowed to stand for ± 12 hours in order to form two layers. The top layer as methyl esters were analyzed by GC to concentrations of methyl oleate. From the research data obtained the best results at a molar ratio of oil: THF = 1: 67.85 and reaction time 23 minutes with methyl oleate concentration of 59.10% and yield methyl ester of 79.69%. Methyl ester density 0.8791 g/cm3 meet SNI 04-7182-2006 from 0.85 to 0.89 g/cm3. Keywords : biodiesel, co-solvent, in situ transesterification, mahogany seed oil  

Classical Fenton and Sequencing Batch Reactor Treatment of Pesticide Wastewater

2020 ◽  
pp. 373-403
Author(s):  
Augustine Chioma Affam ◽  
Ezerie Henry Ezechi ◽  
Malay Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Toc Removal ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Pseudo First Order

This chapter examined Fenton and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment of pesticide industrial wastewater. The optimum operating conditions for Fenton pretreatment of the pesticide wastewater were H2O2/COD molar ratio 3.0, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 10, pH 3 and reaction time 60 min. The COD and TOC removal were 58.51 and 39.76%, respectively and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) increased from 0.02 to ~ 0.30 after 60 min reaction time. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 0.0083 min−1. In the post-treatment by aerobic SBR, five different Fenton operating conditions were investigated and H2O2/COD molar ratio 3.0, H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio 25, pH 3 and reaction time 60 min appeared to be the most significant (p < 0.05) operating conditions. The Fenton–SBR treatment at 12 hr HRT achieved COD, TOC and BOD5 removal efficiency of 96.7, 97.7 and 93.3%, respectively. The Fenton-SBR process was effective for the treatment of pesticide wastewater.

scholarly journals PERUBAHAN KOMPOSISI METIL ESTER AKIBAT KERUSAKAN PANAS PADA METIL ESTER SULFONAT DARI JARAK PAGAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Sulfonate Group ◽  
Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Methyl Ester Sulfonates

Vol 5 No 1ABSTRACT Surfactant is a surface-active agent that can be produced by a chemical or biochemical synthesis. The most widely used anionic surfactant in surfactant flooding is linier alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) synthesized from petroleum material. The weaknesses of petroleum based surfactant are: it is made from nonrenewable resources, has very poor detergency in hard water and naturally are difficult to be degraded. These problems can be overcome by producing methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant made from natural resources, such jatropha oil es methyl ester. Temperature is the important factor that should be performed in MES stability. The purpose of this research is to investigate the sulfonate group caused by temperature and degradation time. The result of thermal degradation tests of Methyl Ester Sulfonates showed that at temperature of 150 oC during 72 hours influenced the degradation of sulfonate group. It was indicated by decreasing peak of sulfonate formed at the wave number of 1250 – 1150 cm-1. The increased of temperature showed decreased ability of surfactant to stabilized of emulsion and surface tension. Keywords: methyl ester sulfonates, thermal degradation

Controllable Extinction Property of Au/SiO2 Nanocomposite Induced by Neutralization Reaction Time

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 2023-2028
Author(s):  
Jing Yue Fang ◽  
Xue Ao Zhang ◽  
Shi Qiao Qin ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Xin Hua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Mie Theory ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Optical Extinction ◽  
Neutralization Reaction ◽  
Extinction Peak ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Extinction Property

The Au/SiO2nanocomposite was produced using surface active agent P123, and its optical absorption spectra was measured by spectrophotometer. It was found that the intensity of absorption peak was strengthened and underwent a red-shift as the neutralization reaction time extended. The variation of optical extinction property of one gold particle (GP) with different size had been investigated by Mie theory. It was found that the extinction property of the single spherical GP possessed an obvious size effect. The extinction property of Au/SiO2nanocomposite had been analyzed by Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory. It showed that the extinction peak underwent a red-shift and the extinction intensity was strengthened when the size of gold nanoparticles (GNs) increased. The theoretical and the experimental results show that the extinction property of Au/SiO2nanocomposite changes because the scattering effect of GNs are strengthened when their sizes increased by controlling the neutralization reaction time.

scholarly journals Optimization of the used sunflower oil methanolysis catalyzed by hazelnut shell ash

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Milica Petković ◽  
Marija Miladinović ◽  
Ivana Banković-Ilić ◽  
Olivera Stamenković ◽  
Vlada Veljković
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
Hazelnut Shell ◽  
Process Factors

The methanolysis of used sunflower oil catalyzed by hazelnut shell ash was studied to evaluate the statistical significance of the process factors, i.e., the initial methanol-to-oil molar ratio, the catalyst amount, and the reaction time on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content and to determine their optimal values ensuring the highest FAME content. The reaction was conducted in a batch reactor at the methanol-to-oil molar ratios of 6:1-18:1, the catalyst amounts of 1-5% (of the oil weight), and the reaction time of 10-50 min. Furthermore, statistical modeling and optimization were performed using a modified second-order polynomial model developed by the response surface methodology in combination with a 33 factorial design with three central points. The analysis of variance showed that all three factors, the two-parameter interaction of the catalyst amount and the reaction time, as well as the quadratic term of the reaction time, had a statistically significant effect on FAME content. The optimum conditions were found to be the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 10.34:1, the catalyst amount of 5%, and the reaction time of 34 min. The predicted value of FAME content was 99.63%, which agreed well with the experimentally determined FAME content (97.15%).

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