Efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation in broilers challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in avian species, and recent reports have suggested APEC as a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Herein, we discuss the virulence and pathogenesis factors of APEC, review the zoonotic potential, provide the current status of antibiotic resistance and progress in vaccine development, and summarize the alternative control measures being investigated. In addition to the known virulence factors, several other factors including quorum sensing system, secretion systems, two-component systems, transcriptional regulators, and genes associated with metabolism also contribute to APEC pathogenesis. The clear understanding of these factors will help in developing new effective treatments. The APEC isolates (particularly belonging to ST95 and ST131 or O1, O2, and O18) have genetic similarities and commonalities in virulence genes with human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) and abilities to cause urinary tract infections and meningitis in humans. Therefore, the zoonotic potential of APEC cannot be undervalued. APEC resistance to almost all classes of antibiotics, including carbapenems, has been already reported. There is a need for an effective APEC vaccine that can provide protection against diverse APEC serotypes. Alternative therapies, especially the virulence inhibitors, can provide a novel solution with less likelihood of developing resistance.

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Autophagy—A Story of Bacteria Interfering with the Host Cell Degradation Machinery

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Anna K. Riebisch ◽

Sabrina Mühlen ◽

Yan Yan Beer ◽

Ingo Schmitz

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Immune Response ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Intracellular Pathogens ◽

Response Mechanism ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli

Autophagy is a highly conserved and fundamental cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis through recycling of defective organelles or proteins. In a response to intracellular pathogens, autophagy further acts as an innate immune response mechanism to eliminate pathogens. This review will discuss recent findings on autophagy as a reaction to intracellular pathogens, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Interestingly, while some of these bacteria have developed methods to use autophagy for their own benefit within the cell, others have developed fascinating mechanisms to evade recognition, to subvert the autophagic pathway, or to escape from autophagy.

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Transcriptional analysis of RstA/RstB in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli identifies its role in the regulation of hdeD-mediated virulence and survival in chicken macrophages

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108555 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 241 ◽

pp. 108555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qingqing Gao ◽

Senyan Su ◽

Xi Li ◽

Hang Wang ◽

Jinbiao Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Transcriptional Analysis ◽

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli

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Serological diversity, molecular characterisation and antimicrobial sensitivity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from broiler chickens in Kashmir, India

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17065 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 338

Author(s):

S. N. Magray ◽

S. A. Wani ◽

Z. A. Kashoo ◽

M. A. Bhat ◽

S. Adil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Gene Profile ◽

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Virulence Gene Profile

The present study has determined the serological diversity, virulence-gene profile and in vitro antibiogram of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from broiler chickens in India suspected to have died of colibacillosis. The virulence-gene profile of APEC was compared with that of the Escherichia coli isolates from faeces of apparently healthy chickens, called avian faecal E. coli (AFEC). In total, 90 representative isolates of APEC and 63 isolates of AFEC were investigated in the present study. The APEC were typed into 19 serogroups, while some isolates were rough and could not be typed. Most prevalent serogroup was O2 (24.44%). Among the eight virulence genes studied, the prevalence of seven genes (iss, iucD, tsh, cva/cvi, irp2, papC and vat) was significantly higher in APEC than in AFEC isolates. However, there was no significant difference between APEC and AFEC isolates for possession of astA gene. The most frequent gene detected among the two groups of organisms was iss, which was present in 98.88% and 44.44% of APEC and AFEC isolates respectively. The in vitro antibiogram showed that the majority (96.6%) of APEC isolates were resistant to tetracycline, while 82.2% were resistant to cephalexin, 78.8% to cotrimoxazole, 68.8% to streptomycin and 63.3% to ampicillin. However, most of them (84.45%) were sensitive to gentamicin. Thus, it is concluded that APEC from the broiler chickens carried putative virulence genes that attributed to their pathogenicity. Furthermore, the majority of APEC isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant, which, in addition to leading treatment failures in poultry, poses a public health threat.

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