scholarly journals Projection of the Output Cost Arising from Low Labour Force Participation of Women in North Cyprus

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Demet Beton-Kalmaz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
The South ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
North Cyprus ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Per Capita

The relationship between gender inequality and economic growth has become one of the most interesting and debated issues both in the academic literature and the policy arena. The aim of this study is to investigate how gender inequalities in the labour force participation (LFP) in North Cyprus undermine the per capita output of the country. Thus, the study is designed to estimate the simulation of a possible increase in per capita GDP based on 2011 data generated by the catch up of north female labour force participation rates to the south for the year 2011. Different age categories for female labour force are considered for the measurement. The age categories distributed within the working age population including female labour force population between the ages 15 and over. The age categories are divided into 5 groups as including the female participants between the age from 15 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 and over. Data used is obtained from the State Planning Organization (SPO) of North Cyprus government for North Cyprus and from the World Bank database for South Cyprus. The North Cyprus labour force participation rates are adjusted to the south as suggested by Bryant et. al. (2004). Parallel to the previous literature, it is found that female labour force participation (FLFP) rate has a positive impact on GDP in North Cyprus. There would have been a 4% higher per capita GDP with the catch up of north to south FLFP rate which might be a substantial contribution towards decreasing the income gap between north and south.

scholarly journals Fertility and socio-economic determinants: evidence from co-integration and multivariate Granger casualty tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Prakash Kengnal ◽  
Asha Bullappa
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
National Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Gross National Income ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita

Background: The empirical work on fertility determinants widely discusses the role of socio-economic factors like female labour force participation rate, urban population and per capita gross national income in determining fertility rates. The India’s high fertility rate began to decline gradually after late 1950s and continued to fall since then. India achieved almost 31 per cent decline in fertility rate from 1990 to 2012. The objective was to examine the relationship between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income for India.Methods: This study covers the sample period from 1990-2012. Moreover, the direction of causality between fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India using Granger Causality test within the Vector Error-Correction Model (VECM) are examined.Results: As a summary of the empirical results, we found that fertility rate, urbanization, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income in India are co-integrated and there is unidirectional Granger Causality between the four variables in long and short-run.Conclusions: The growth in urban population, female labour force participation rate and per capita gross national income are responsible for the decrease in fertility rate in India.

scholarly journals A Time Series Analysis of Female Labour Force Participation Rates Disaggregated by Marital Status

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-384
Author(s):  
William D. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Cyclical Behavior

This paper analyzes the cyclical behavior of the labour force participation rates, adds a marital status dimension to the customary age categories generally used and includes seperate measures of the additionnal and of the discouraged worker effect.

scholarly journals Migration and intergenerational stability in female employment: The impact of differences between sending and receiving countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Tsolak ◽  
Marvin Bürmann ◽  
Martin Kroh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Employment Stability ◽  
Female Immigrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contextual Differences

Objective: This article studies the intergenerational stability of employment in families of immigrants cross-nationally by investigating to what extent contextual differences between sending and receiving countries affect the transmission of labour force participation from mothers to daughters. Background: It is often argued that a low level of labour force participation among female immigrants reflects gender norms inherited from the sending country, or, alternatively, that it is indicative of obstacles to social mobility in the receiving country. We seek to add to the existing research on this topic by providing evidence of differences between sending and receiving countries that systematically affect the labour market behaviour of female immigrants. Method: We use individual-level data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 35 receiving countries for a 14-year period (2004-2018) in combination with contextual data for 172 sending countries from 1960 to 2018. First, we provide an overview of employment rates and intergenerational employment stability for different combinations of sending and receiving contexts with respect to the labour force participation rates of female immigrants. Second, we corroborate our descriptive findings with multilevel models. Results: Our paper shows that there are changes in the levels of intergenerational employment stability among immigrants depending on the differences in the female labour force participation rates between the sending and the receiving countries. We find that when women migrate from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates, their probability of participating in the labour force increases. However, we also find that the levels of intergenerational employment stability in this group are high. Conclusion: Intergenerational employment stability seems to be responsive to contextual differences between sending and receiving countries. We observe the highest levels of intergenerational stability in employment between mothers and daughters in families who migrated from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates.

Female labour force participation and economic growth in the South Mediterranean countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Tsani ◽  
Leonidas Paroussos ◽  
Costas Fragiadakis ◽  
Ioannis Charalambidis ◽  
Pantelis Capros
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
The South ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

scholarly journals Labour Force Participation Rate and it Implications on Food Security, Fertility Rate and Economic Growth in West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-458
Author(s):  
Aduralere Oyelade ◽  
◽  
Onome Oghenetega ◽  
Favour Eforuoku ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Male Labour

The study investigated the impact of labour force participation rate and its implications on food security, fertility rate and economic growth in the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). Using data from 6 countries over the period of 1990 tо 2016 and pool autoregressive dіstrіbutеd lаg (PАRDL) bоunds tеstіng рrосеdurе was employed. The result from the study showed that female labour force participation and health expenditure per capita determine food security and male labour force participation, female labour force participation, gross capita formation, health education per capita and enrolment in secondary education are the variables that determine fertility rate, while male labour force participation, female labour force participation, health expenditure per capita and enrolment in secondary education affect GDP per capita. The study recommended that policies should be directed toward increasing female labour force participation which will compliment male labour force participation as well as increase decent and productive work opportunities for female workers which will promote GDP per capita, leading to reduction in fertility rate and promote food security among member countries. Furthermore, family-friendly policies will further encourage females to participate in the labour market. Therefore, more efforts should be made to promote female labour force participation as the entire WAMZ countries will benefit from the growth and welfare improvement that it will generate. WAMZ countries governments need build their capacity through investment in health and education in order to enhance productivity of the labour force which will lead to economic growth, reduction in fertility rate as well as promote food security. This study has contributed empirically and theoretically to the body of knowledge. The scope covered also makes the study uniquely robust and different from previous ones.

scholarly journals Female labour force participation and economic development

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 896-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misbah Tanveer Choudhry ◽  
Paul Elhorst
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical model, which is aggregated across individuals to analyse the labour force participation rate, and empirical results to provide evidence of a U-shaped relationship between women’s labour force participation and economic development. Design/methodology/approach The U-shaped relationship is investigated by employing a panel data approach of 40 countries around the world over the period 1960–2005. It is investigated whether the labour force behaviour of women in different age groups can be lumped together by considering ten different age groups. Findings The paper finds evidence in favour of the U-shaped relationship. For every age group and explanatory variable in the model, a particular point is found where the regime of falling participation rates changes into a regime of rising participation rates. Research limitations/implications To evaluate this relationship, microeconomic analysis with primary data can also provide significant insights. Social implications Every country can narrow the gap between the labour participation rates of men and women in the long term. Fertility decline, shifts of employment to services, part-time work, increased opportunities in education, and the capital-to-labour ratio as a measure for economic development are the key determinants. Originality/value In addition to the U-shaped relationship, considerable research has been carried out on demographic transition. This paper brings these two strands of literature together, by econometrically investigating the impact of demographic transition on female labour force participation given its U-shaped relation with economic development, i.e., turning points for different explanatory variables are calculated and their implications for economic growth are discussed.

Female Labour Force Participation in African Countries: An Empirical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omowumi O. Idowu ◽  
Taiwo Owoeye
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Labour Participation ◽  
Per Capita

This article investigates female labour force participation (FLFP) in a panel comprising 20 selected African countries across five sub-regional groupings, over the period 1990–2018. It analyses the determinants of demand and supply of FLFP, thereby contributing to the ongoing debate on the female labour participation in African countries. The study sources data from the World Bank Data Bank and uses seemingly unrelated regression as an estimation technique after confirming the stationarity of the time series properties of all variables and the static analysis of the models. The analysis suggests that the GDP growth rate and inequality are positive determinants of female labour demand, while wages, GDP per capita growth and poverty are negative determinants. It also shows evidence for an inverted U-shaped relationship between female labour supply and economic development in Africa, while education, fertility, GDP per capita growth, manufacturing growth rate and culture were contributing factors to this relationship. It is therefore suggested that policymakers in Africa should accelerate the process of formalising African economies to encourage an increase in female labour participation.

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