scholarly journals Part IV) The neural basis of cognition (the anatomical and functional organization of the central nervous system), Part V) Perception: its diseases and disorders (pain), Part VI) Movement (the basal ganglia and cerebellum): its diseases and disorders (Parkinson's disease), Part VII) Arousal, Emotions and Behaviour Homeostasis (Brain stem, cranial nerves, epilepsy, sleep disorders and addiction), Part IX) Language, thought, Mood: thier diseases and disorders (aphasias, Depression, mania, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders)

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahim Cherine
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

NEUROLOGIC DISEASES IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-957
Author(s):  
William A. Hawke ◽  
John S. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

THE SEMINAR was conducted in four 3-hour sessions and aimed to cover the more important features of pediatric neurology. DEVELOPMENT Dr. Hawke reviewed the normal development of the central nervous system in the infant and child which is so important in the assessment of neurologic disorders in this age group. It was noted that the nervous system was particularly immature and changing rapidly in the first 2 years of life. Development was related to myelination and it was emphasized that this was not a steady process but a pattern of sequences of rapid and slow growth. Motor and sensory development appeared to develop from above and to proceed downward, so that eye-control develops before hand- and legcontrol. Development was related to three functioning levels of the central nervous system—the brain stem, the archipallium, and the neopallium. It was observed that the newborn baby functioned at the brain stem level, and to illustrate this an example was given of the hydranencephalic baby which behaves perfectly normally for the first few weeks of life. The anchipallium, which includes part of the temporal lobe, the cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia, supervenes on the brain stem and may be considered responsible for the basic emotions and some primitive motor and sensory control. The neopallium, which includes most of the cerebral hemisphere, becomes dominant in primates. Its function is intellectual rather than emotional and is responsible for skills, discrimination and fine movements. The clinical application of these developmental patterns are innumerable but illustrations were given of changes in physical signs in static brain lesions.

Long Latency Reflexes and the Silent Period

2009 ◽  
pp. 543-550
Author(s):  
John N. Caviness
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Long Latency Reflexes

LLRs and the silent period are EMG phenomena that reflect the complex interplay of spinal, brain stem, and cortical influences in motor control. These techniques have been applied to the study of disorders of motor control such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and dystonia. Abnormalities of these reflexes may help to detect lesions of the central nervous system.

In and Out of the Central Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
The Brain

In 1811, Bell had printed privately a monograph titled Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. In it, Bell correctly showed that the anterior but not the posterior roots had motor functions. François Magendie subsequently showed that the anterior roots were motor, and the posterior roots were sensory. This led to a dispute about priority during which Bell republished some of his early work with textual alterations to support his claims. Bell was involved in a similar dispute with Herbert Mayo concerning the separate functions of the fifth (sensory) and seventh (motor) cranial nerves, and Mayo today is a forgotten man. In both instances, Bell deserves credit for the concepts and initial experimental approach, and Magendie and Mayo deserve credit for obtaining and correctly interpreting the definitive experimental findings.

scholarly journals Filament proteins in central, cranial, and peripheral mammalian nerves.

1981 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Davison ◽  
R N Jones
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Peptide Maps

Several classes of 10-nm filaments have been reported in mammalian cells and they can be distinguished by the size of their protein subunit. We have studied the distribution of these filaments in nerves from calves and other mammals. From the display on polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels of proteins in extracts from fibroblast and central, cranial and peripheral nerves, we cut the appropriate stained bands and prepared iodinated peptide maps. The similarities between the respective maps provide strong evidence for the presence of vimentin in cranial and peripheral nerves. The glial fibrillary acidic protein was found in axon preparations from the central nervous system, but was not identified in distal segments of some cranial nerves, nor in peripheral nerve.

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