scholarly journals Imprints of Past Habitat Area Reduction on Extant Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Barthelemy ◽  
Claire Fortunel ◽  
Maxime Jaunatre ◽  
François Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phylogenetic Composition ◽  
Over Time

Past environmental changes have shaped the evolutionary and ecological diversity of extant organisms. Specifically, climatic fluctuations have made environmental conditions alternatively common or rare over time. Accordingly, most taxa have undergone restriction of their distribution to local refugia during habitat contraction, from which they could expand when suitable habitat became more common. Assessing how past restrictions in refugia have shaped species distributions and genetic diversity has motivated much research in evolutionary biology and biogeography. But there is still lack of clear synthesis on whether and how the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic composition of extant multispecies assemblages retains the imprint of past restriction in refugia. We devised an original eco-evolutionary model to investigate the temporal dynamics of a regional species pool inhabiting a given habitat today, and which have experienced habitat reduction in the past. The model includes three components: (i) a demographic component driving stochastic changes in population sizes and extinctions due to habitat availability, (ii) a mutation and speciation component representing how divergent genotypes emerge and define new species over time, and (iii) a trait evolution component representing how trait values have changed across descendants over time. We used this model to simulate dynamics of multispecies assemblages that occupied a restricted refugia in the past and could expand their distribution subsequently. We characterized the past restriction in refugia in terms of two parameters representing the ending time of past refugia, and the extent of habitat restriction in the refugia. We characterized extant patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity depending on these parameters. We found that extant relative abundances reflect the lasting influence of more recent refugia on demographic dynamics, while phylogenetic composition reflects the influence of more ancient habitat change. Extant functional diversity depends on the interplay between diversification dynamics and trait evolution, offering new options to jointly infer current trait adaptation and past trait evolution dynamics.

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics of Cloacal Microbiota in Adult Laying Chickens With and Without Access to an Outdoor Range

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Schreuder ◽  
Francisca C. Velkers ◽  
Alex Bossers ◽  
Ruth J. Bouwstra ◽  
Willem F. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Poultry House ◽  
Over Time

Associations between animal health and performance, and the host’s microbiota have been recently established. In poultry, changes in the intestinal microbiota have been linked to housing conditions and host development, but how the intestinal microbiota respond to environmental changes under farm conditions is less well understood. To gain insight into the microbial responses following a change in the host’s immediate environment, we monitored four indoor flocks of adult laying chickens three times over 16 weeks, during which two flocks were given access to an outdoor range, and two were kept indoors. To assess changes in the chickens’ microbiota over time, we collected cloacal swabs of 10 hens per flock and performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The poultry house (i.e., the stable in which flocks were housed) and sampling time explained 9.2 and 4.4% of the variation in the microbial community composition of the flocks, respectively. Remarkably, access to an outdoor range had no detectable effect on microbial community composition, the variability of microbiota among chickens of the same flock, or microbiota richness, but the microbiota of outdoor flocks became more even over time. Fluctuations in the composition of the microbiota over time within each poultry house were mainly driven by turnover in rare, rather than dominant, taxa and were unique for each flock. We identified 16 amplicon sequence variants that were differentially abundant over time between indoor and outdoor housed chickens, however none were consistently higher or lower across all chickens of one housing type over time. Our study shows that cloacal microbiota community composition in adult layers is stable following a sudden change in environment, and that temporal fluctuations are unique to each flock. By exploring microbiota of adult poultry flocks within commercial settings, our study sheds light on how the chickens’ immediate environment affects the microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Temporal Dynamics of the Gut Bacteriome and Mycobiome in the Weanling Pig

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Ann M. Arfken ◽  
Juli Foster Frey ◽  
Katie Lynn Summers
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Colonization Dynamics ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Two Kingdoms ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Over Time

Weaning is a period of environmental changes and stress that results in significant alterations to the piglet gut microbiome and is associated with a predisposition to disease, making potential interventions of interest to the swine industry. In other animals, interactions between the bacteriome and mycobiome can result in altered nutrient absorption and susceptibility to disease, but these interactions remain poorly understood in pigs. Recently, we assessed the colonization dynamics of fungi and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets at a single time point post-weaning (day 35) and inferred interactions were found between fungal and bacterial members of the porcine gut ecosystem. In this study, we performed a longitudinal assessment of the fecal bacteriome and mycobiome of piglets from birth through the weaning transition. Piglet feces in this study showed a dramatic shift over time in the bacterial and fungal communities, as well as an increase in network connectivity between the two kingdoms. The piglet fecal bacteriome showed a relatively stable and predictable pattern of development from Bacteroidaceae to Prevotellaceae, as seen in other studies, while the mycobiome demonstrated a loss in diversity over time with a post-weaning population dominated by Saccharomycetaceae. The mycobiome demonstrated a more transient community that is likely driven by factors such as diet or environmental exposure rather than an organized pattern of colonization and succession evidenced by fecal sample taxonomic clustering with nursey feed samples post-weaning. Due to the potential tractability of the community, the mycobiome may be a viable candidate for potential microbial interventions that will alter piglet health and growth during the weaning transition.

scholarly journals Underlying microevolutionary processes parallel macroevolutionary patterns in ancient Neotropical Mountains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Dantas-Queiroz ◽  
Tami da Costa Cacossi ◽  
Bárbara Simões Santos Leal ◽  
Cleber Juliano Neves Chaves ◽  
Thais N. C. Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Espinhaço Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Isolation By Environment

ABSTRACTAimThe exceptional species-richness associated with mountains worldwide is linked to the fragmented topography of these areas, responsible for constantly isolating populations during periods of climatic fluctuations. Consequently, endemism and spatial turnover in mountains are very high and few species are widespread among entire mountain ranges, precluding population-level studies that help understanding how macroevolutionary patterns were shaped. Here, we used the bromeliad Vriesea oligantha, a species endemic to, but widespread in, one of the most species-rich ancient montane areas in the globe, the Espinhaco Range, to test how environmental changes over time may have acted on the evolutionary history of this taxon, contributing to understanding how montane macroevolutionary patterns were shaped. Through analyses of plastidial and nuclear DNA of V. oligantha, we dated its origin and intraspecific diversification, and estimated the genetic diversity, structure and migration rates among populations. Using climatic and geographic variables, we modeled suitable areas for the present and the past, estimating corridors between isolated populations. We also used demographic analyses to estimate ancient population dynamics of V. oligantha. Finally, we tested whether climatic variables or geographical distance explain the observed population structure. The origin and intraspecific diversification of V. oligantha are related to early climatic oscillations during the Plio-Pleistocene. This species has a high population structure due to its low pollen and seed dispersibility. The analysis of species distribution modeling estimated corridors between populations in the past, whereas the structure of V. oligantha results from both models of isolation by distance and isolation by environment. The phylogeographic patterns of Vriesea oligantha reflect previously recognized spatial and temporal macroevolutionary patterns in the Espinhaco Range, providing insights into how microevolutionary processes may have given rise to this astonishing mountain biodiversity.

The structure of mnemonic revolutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Mihai-Stelian Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Social System ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Major Break ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article proposes an evolutionary model of collective memory built on the concept of mnemonic revolution. It tries to go beyond the apparently mutual exclusive theories existing in sociological literature by integrating them into a comprehensive conceptualization. The first part of the study begins with the presentation of competing theories of collective memory developed over time. The second step presents the theoretical formula resulting from the adoption of a broader time frame (longue durée). This formula also takes into consideration the introduction of the concepts of mnemonic revolution and mnemonic reform. Mnemonic revolution is defined as a major break occurred in the structure of collective memory, which succeeds in a sociopolitical revolution, whereby the entire representation of the past is abandoned and the social labor of constructing a new retrospective vision of the past is initiated. Mnemonic reform includes the adjustable changes and the superficial reconfiguration through which the general image of the past that is incorporated into the collective memory is slightly calibrated depending on the evolution of the social system. The final part presents in a synthetic manner the way in which I sought the empirical validation of the notions developed in order to capture the dynamics of collective memory.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Telesca Giuseppe
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Final Goal ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Over Time

The ambition of this book is to combine different bodies of scholarship that in the past have been interested in (1) providing social/structural analysis of financial elites, (2) measuring their influence, or (3) exploring their degree of persistence/circulation. The final goal of the volume is to investigate the adjustment of financial elites to institutional change, and to assess financial elites’ contribution to institutional change. To reach this goal, the nine chapters of the book introduced here look at financial elites’ role in different European societies and markets over time, and provide historical comparisons and country and cross-country analysis of their adaptation and contribution to the transformation of the national and international regulatory/cultural context in the wake of a crisis or in a longer term perspective.

The Evolutionary Biology of Species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy G. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
Species Accumulation ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Broad Approach ◽  
Over Time

‘Species’ are central to understanding the origin and dynamics of biological diversity; explaining why lineages split into multiple distinct species is one of the main goals of evolutionary biology. However, the existence of species is often taken for granted, and precisely what is meant by species and whether they really exist as a pattern of nature has rarely been modelled or critically tested. This novel book presents a synthetic overview of the evolutionary biology of species, describing what species are, how they form, the consequences of species boundaries and diversity for evolution, and patterns of species accumulation over time. The central thesis is that species represent more than just a unit of taxonomy; they are a model of how diversity is structured as well as how groups of related organisms evolve. The author adopts an intentionally broad approach to consider what species constitute, both theoretically and empirically, and how we detect them, drawing on a wealth of examples from microbes to multicellular organisms.

Newman's Early Roman Catholic Legacy, 1845-1854

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Michael Shea
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
John Henry Newman ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Over Time

For the past several decades, scholars have stressed that the genius of John Henry Newman remained underappreciated among his Roman Catholic contemporaries, and in order to find the true impact of his work, one must look to the century after his death. This book takes direct aim at that assumption. Examining a host of overlooked evidence from England and the European continent, Newman’s Early Legacy tracks letters, recorded conversations, and obscure and unpublished theological exchanges to show how Newman’s 1845 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine influenced a cadre of Catholic teachers, writers, and Church authorities in nineteenth-century Rome. The book explores how these individuals then employed Newman’s theory of development to argue for the definability of the new dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary during the years preceding the doctrine’s promulgation in 1854. Through numerous twists and turns, the narrative traces how the theory of development became a factor in determining the very language that the Roman Catholic Church would use in referring to doctrinal change over time. In this way, Newman’s Early Legacy uncovers a key dimension of Newman’s significance in modern religious history.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Downes ◽  
Sally Holloway ◽  
Sarah Randles
Keyword(s):  
Material World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

This book is about the ways in which humans have been bound affectively to the material world in and over time; how they have made, commissioned, and used objects to facilitate their emotional lives; how they felt about their things; and the ways certain things from the past continue to make people feel today. The temporal and geographical focus of ...

Anti-corruption in History

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Legitimate Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Over Time

Anticorruption in History is the first major collection of case studies on how past societies and polities, in and beyond Europe, defined legitimate power in terms of fighting corruption and designed specific mechanisms to pursue that agenda. It is a timely book: corruption is widely seen today as a major problem, undermining trust in government, financial institutions, economic efficiency, the principle of equality before the law and human wellbeing in general. Corruption, in short, is a major hurdle on the “path to Denmark”—a feted blueprint for stable and successful statebuilding. The resonance of this view explains why efforts to promote anticorruption policies have proliferated in recent years. But while the subjects of corruption and anticorruption have captured the attention of politicians, scholars, NGOs and the global media, scant attention has been paid to the link between corruption and the change of anticorruption policies over time and place. Such a historical approach could help explain major moments of change in the past as well as reasons for the success and failure of specific anticorruption policies and their relation to a country’s image (of itself or as construed from outside) as being more or less corrupt. It is precisely this scholarly lacuna that the present volume intends to begin to fill. A wide range of historical contexts are addressed, ranging from the ancient to the modern period, with specific insights for policy makers offered throughout.

scholarly journals Cytotype distribution and chloroplast phylogeography of the Actinidia chinensis complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Caihong Zhong ◽  
Dawei Li ◽  
Chunlin Yan ◽  
Xiaohong Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Historical Demography ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Ploidy Levels

Abstract Background Plant phylogeographic studies of species in subtropical China have mainly focused on rare and endangered species, whereas few studies have been conducted on taxa with relatively wide distribution, especially polyploid species. We investigated the cytotype and haplotype distribution pattern of the Actinidia chinensis complex, a widespread geographically woody liana with variable ploidy in subtropical China comprising two varieties, with three chloroplast fragments DNA (ndhF-rpl132, rps16-trnQ and trnE-trnT). Macroevolutionary, microevolutionary and niche modeling tools were also combined to disentangle the origin and the demographic history of the species or cytotypes. Results The ploidy levels of 3338 individuals from 128 populations sampled throughout the species distribution range were estimated with flow cytometry. The widespread cytotypes were diploids followed by tetraploids and hexaploids, whereas triploids and octoploids occurred in a few populations. Thirty-one chloroplast haplotypes were detected. The genetic diversity and genetic structure were found to be high between varieties (or ploidy races) chinensis and deliciosa. Our results revealed that these two varieties inhabit significantly different climatic niche spaces. Ecological niche models (ENMs) indicate that all varieties’ ranges contracted during the Last Inter Glacial (LIG), and expanded eastward or northward during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Conclusions Pliocene and Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and vicariance appear to have played key roles in shaping current population structure and historical demography in the A. chinensis complex. The polyploidization process also appears to have played an important role in the historical demography of the complex through improving their adaptability to environmental changes.

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