XX ƏSRİN İKİNCİ YARISI AZƏRBAYCAN TARİXŞÜNASLIĞINDA İBTİDAİ CƏMİYYƏTƏ DAİR TƏDQİQAT ƏSƏRLƏRİNDƏ ƏHALİ MƏSKUNLAŞMASI MƏSƏLƏLƏR

Açar sözlər: Azərbaycan tarixşünaslığı, ibtidai cəmiyyət, əhali məksunlaşması, əhali artımı, tarixi demoqrafiya Key words: Azerbaijani historiography, primitive society, population settlement, population growth, historical demography Azərbaycan ərazisində insanların məskunlaşması bəşər tarixinin ən qədim dövrü olan ibtidai icma quruluşundan başlayır. Bu konsepsiya öz əksini Məmmədəli Hüseynovun 1970-80-ci illərdə nəşr olunmuş “Azərbaycan arxeologiyası (daş dövrü)”, “Azərbaycanın qədim paleolit dövrü”, “Azərbaycanda paleolit” və d. qiymətli əsərlərində geniş şəkildə tapmışdır (Гусейнов М.М. Археология Азербайджана (каменный век). Баку, АГУ, 1975, 162 с; Гусейнов М.М. Древний палеолит Азербайджана: культура Куручай и этапы её развития: 1,500,000-70 тысяч лет назад. Баку, Элм, 1985, 71 с; Гусейнов М.М. Палеолит Азербайджана (в соавторстве с А.К. Джафаровым). Баку, Элм, 1986, 17 с). M.Hüseynov haqlı olaraq, Vətənimizin əlverişli iqlimə, rəngarəng relyefə, təbii-coğrafi xüsusiyyətlərə malik olması kimi amilləri əsas götürərək burada ulu əcdadlarımızın hələ alt paleolit, daha dəqiq desək artıq şell-aşel dövründən üzü bəri məskunlaşması üçün hər cür şəraitin olması qənaətinə gəlmişdir: I Beynəlxalq Humanitar və İctimai Elmlərin Əsasları Konfransının Materialları / (24 dekabr 2021) Materials of the I International Conference on Humanities and Social Science / (24 December 2021) DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.36719/2709-4197/2021/1/1 8 “Bütün bu amillər ilk insanların Azərbaycan ərazisində hələ şell-aşel dövründə yayılmasını göstərir” (Huseynov, 1973: 23).

Thank You, Akira Hayami! The Xavier Database of Historical Japan

This article introduces the Xavier database, one of the major sources for studying historical populations in Japan. The database consists of 162 years of annual observations for 28,105 individuals living in three villages and one town of the current Fukushima prefecture between 1708 and 1870. We review the extensive efforts of the founder of Japanese historical demography, Akira Hayami, and his group in collecting, transcribing, coding, and finally making local population registers into this database for demographic analysis. We discuss the studies that flourished domestically and internationally using the data in the last two decades, followed by the discussion of current and promising development.

Influence of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the phylogeography and demographic history of endemic vulnerable trees (section Magnolia) of the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest in Mexico

The Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) is a highly dynamic ecosystem that has undergone frequent spatial changes in response to the interglacial-glacial cycles of the Pleistocene. These climatic fluctuations between cold and warm cycles have led to species range shifts and contractions-expansions, resulting in complex patterns of genetic structure and lineage divergence in forest tree species. In this study, we sequenced four regions of the chloroplast DNA (trnT-trnL, trnK5-matk, rpl32-trnL, trnS-trnG) for 20 populations and 96 individuals to evaluate the phylogeography, historical demography, and paleodistributions of vulnerable endemic TMCF trees in Mexico: Magnolia pedrazae (north-region), M. schiedeana (central-region), and M. schiedeana population Oaxaca (south-region). Our data recovered 49 haplotypes that showed a significant phylogeographic structure in three regions: north, central, and south. Bayesian Phylogeographic and Ecological Clustering (BPEC) analysis also supported the divergence in three lineages and highlighted the role of environmental factors (temperature and precipitation) in genetic differentiation. Our historical demography analyses revealed demographic expansions predating the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~125,000 years ago), while Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) simulations equally supported two contrasting demographic scenarios. The BPEC and haplotype network analyses suggested that ancestral haplotypes were geographically found in central Veracruz. Our paleodistributions modeling showed evidence of range shifts and expansions-contractions from the LIG to the present, which suggested the complex evolutionary dynamics associated to the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene. Habitat management of remnant forest fragments where large and genetically diverse populations occur in the three TMCF regions analyzed would be key for the conservation of these magnolia populations.

Study of the Historical Demography of Kyrgyzstan in the 20th — Early 21st Centuries. Part Two

The article is the second part of the study, which examines the issues related to the study of the history of population and historical demography of Kyrgyzstan. The emphasis is made on the issues of historiography on the basis of scientific literature on the history and demography of Kyrgyzstan in the 20th — 21st centuries. The analysis and assessment of the main demographic indicators of the population of Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods is considered, the processes of change in demographic policy, as well as its impact on the socio-economic situation in the republic, are analyzed. It is concluded that the historiography of the historiography of the historical demography of Kyrgyzstan is based on macro approached to the study of demographic processes, which was typical for Soviet historical science as a whole. For the further development of historical demography in Kyrgyzstan, it is necessary to expand the methodological toolkit, in particular, an appeal to primary sources and modern information technologies. In historiography, in the last decade, theoretical and methodological issues of the application of GIS technology in historical research experiments have been developed and supported.

Cytotype distribution and chloroplast phylogeography of the Actinidia chinensis complex

Background Plant phylogeographic studies of species in subtropical China have mainly focused on rare and endangered species, whereas few studies have been conducted on taxa with relatively wide distribution, especially polyploid species. We investigated the cytotype and haplotype distribution pattern of the Actinidia chinensis complex, a widespread geographically woody liana with variable ploidy in subtropical China comprising two varieties, with three chloroplast fragments DNA (ndhF-rpl132, rps16-trnQ and trnE-trnT). Macroevolutionary, microevolutionary and niche modeling tools were also combined to disentangle the origin and the demographic history of the species or cytotypes. Results The ploidy levels of 3338 individuals from 128 populations sampled throughout the species distribution range were estimated with flow cytometry. The widespread cytotypes were diploids followed by tetraploids and hexaploids, whereas triploids and octoploids occurred in a few populations. Thirty-one chloroplast haplotypes were detected. The genetic diversity and genetic structure were found to be high between varieties (or ploidy races) chinensis and deliciosa. Our results revealed that these two varieties inhabit significantly different climatic niche spaces. Ecological niche models (ENMs) indicate that all varieties’ ranges contracted during the Last Inter Glacial (LIG), and expanded eastward or northward during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Conclusions Pliocene and Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and vicariance appear to have played key roles in shaping current population structure and historical demography in the A. chinensis complex. The polyploidization process also appears to have played an important role in the historical demography of the complex through improving their adaptability to environmental changes.

Reproduction in the Archipelago of the Aegean 1920–2016: Long-Term Trends and Recent Upturns

Little is known about the reproductive behavior of the population in insular Greece because of the lack of reliable and unintermittent time series of vital statistics. By applying methods used in historical demography and by indirectly estimating demographic indexes from census returns we try to overcome data scarcity. Substantial differences were found between the islands and mainland Greece. Differences were also found between different groups of islands, with the North Aegean being more conservative as far as the procreative ethics are concerned. Out of wedlock childbearing is less common in North Aegean islands than in Dodecanese or in the Cyclades.

Study of the Historical Demography of Kyrgyzstan in the 20th — Early 21st Centuries. Part one

The article is the first part of the study, which examines the issues related to the study of the history of population and historical demography of Kyrgyzstan. The emphasis is made on the issues of historiography on the basis of scientific literature on the problems of history and demography of Kyrgyzstan in the 20th — 21st centuries. The analysis and assessment of the main demographic indicators of the population of Kyrgyzstan in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods is considered, the process of change in demographic policy, as well as its impact on the socio-economic situation in the republic, are analyzed. It is concluded that the historiography of the historical demography of Kyrgyzstan is based on macro approaches to the study of demography processes, which was typical for Soviet historical science as a whole. The main problems of studying the history of the population of Kyrgyzstan, to which researchers were addressed, were the population census, changes in the number and distribution of the Kyrgyz, the impact of the 1916 uprising. on the demographic development of the Kyrgyz people, the settlement of nomads on the land, socio-cultural changes in Kyrgyzstan and their impact on the change of demographic characteristics. Much attention was also paid to public policy in the field of governance and influence on demographic processes.