Electronic voting: domestic research experience

The article is devoted to the analysis of the domestic experience of studying electronic voting. The authors combine all points of view on the concept of electronic voting into two main approaches. The narrow approach focuses on the process of submitting votes electronically. In a broad approach, the concept of “electronic voting” includes the process of voter registration, processing of ballots and counting of votes by electronic means, even if the voting itself was carried out in the traditional way). The article presents the main advantages of electronic voting, a number of problems are noted: technical; value; social.

Place of transfer pricing in the tax system

Problem setting. The approach proposed by the legislator to the definition of the tax system as a set of national and local taxes and fees in the procedure established by the TC of Ukraine, constitutes the tax system of Ukraine (para. 6.3 of Article 6 of the TC of Ukraine), raises the question of the place of transfer pricing in the tax system. If you approach the tax system as a set of taxes and fees, the transfer pricing is actually excluded from the tax system. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Among the scientists involved in the research of the tax system, it is possible to distinguish M. Kucheryavenko, D. Getmantsev, N. Pryshva, O. Barin and others. Some problems of legal regulation of transfer pricing were dealt with by M. Mishin, M. Bondarenko, K. Broyakov and others. The target of the research is to analyze and determine the place of transfer pricing in the tax system. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to determining the place of transfer pricing in the tax system. We propose our own view on the tax system. It is stated that a broad approach to understanding the tax system excludes contradictions laid down in para. 6.3 of Article 6 of the TC of Ukraine. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Transfer pricing involves the application of special methods for determining the compliance of the conditions of the controlled transaction with a certain criterion – the “arm’s length” principle, drawing up and submitting reports, exercising control and bringing to responsibility for violation of transfer pricing requirements. The legislative approach to the content of the tax system as an aggregate of taxes and fees actually excludes transfer pricing from the tax system. Instead, our proposed broad approach eliminates such contradiction.

Deployment dynamics analysis of CALLISTO’s approach and landing system

Prior to landing of reusable space transportation systems, the vehicle’s landing legs needs to be fully deployed to enable a safe landing and further re-use of the space vehicle. During that phase the deployment system has to overcome harsh and challenging environmental conditions. In this study, a numerical simulator is developed in order to investigate these influences on the landing leg deployment dynamics. By means of an extensive aerodynamic database and a broad approach flight domain, the influence of aerodynamics, exhaust plume, and vehicle’s attitude on the deployment dynamics is analyzed. This study shows on the example of the first stage demonstrator CALLISTO (Cooperative Action Leading to Launcher Innovation in Stage Toss back Operations), that thrust level, vehicle attitude, and the deployment system parameters affect the deployment performance.

Political and Civic Identity of Libertarians in Contemporary Russia: Problems and Perspectives

Libertarianism is a new ideological trend, popular among young people. We try to find out whether libertarianism rises as independent political movement or it is the reaction on the fall of popularity of traditional political parties. For that purpose, the author made the comparative analysis of the program documents of the Libertarian Party of Russia with the classical works of the American libertarians and analyzed the published interview both of the party leaders/activists and of the experts. The author used the interview which he took from some activists in order to clarify the political identification of the Russian libertarians. The political identity of libertarians is characterized by the broadest possible interpretation of personal and economic freedom. Libertarians believe that such freedom is compatible with law and legality and is opposite to anarchy. At the same time, they avoid definitions and norms that could constrain freedom by both the state and the adherents of certain, including liberal, values and slogans. This broad approach makes it difficult to politically identify libertarians, but contributes to their attractiveness among young people.

Environmental DNA biomonitoring revealed species diversity of Cnidarian and Poriferan across Jakarta Bay and Seribu Islands National Park

Indonesia, as a country having a unique sea lane known as the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes (ASLs), has become one of the busiest countries in the world with varied shipping activities. These actions have the ability to facilitate the transmission of species (bio-invasion). Until recently, the number of global introduced species has increased, with negative consequences for environment and the economy. Environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches for detecting the presence of invasive species are currently receiving a lot of interest as a broad approach method in ecological research. As a result, the study used the eDNA technique to compare the quantity and variety of introduced species from the Cnidaria and Porifera Phyla, as well as to characterize their invasiveness status and possible presence in the waters of Jakarta Bay. Based on data from the inside Zone of National Park (ZI) and Outside Zone of National Park (ZO), the biological community composition, richness, and diversity were assessed (ZO). The mBrave workflow generated a total of 14,275 reads from high-throughput sequencing of amplicons from two zones, with 8,917 reads in ZI and 5,358 reads in ZO. Blackfordia virginica , Cordylophora caspia , and Ectopleura crocea were among the imported species included in the invasive category, with E. crocea having the highest abundance and being detected in both zones, with a total of 1300 reads, consisting of 1253 reads in ZI and 47 reads in ZO. Based on the findings, the eDNA methodology can be used as a biomonitoring and conservation method for invasive species.

The American Political Economy: Markets, Power, and the Meta Politics of US Economic Governance

This article provides an overview of the emerging field of American political economy (APE). Methodologically eclectic, this field seeks to understand the interaction of markets and government in America's unequal and polarized polity. Though situated within American politics research, APE draws from comparative political economy to develop a broad approach that departs from the American politics mainstream in two main ways. First, APE focuses on the interaction of markets and governance, a peripheral concern in much American politics research. Second, it invokes a theoretical orientation attentive to what we call meta politics—the processes of institution shaping, agenda setting, and venue shopping that unfold before and alongside the more visible processes of mass politics that figure so centrally in American politics research. These substantive and theoretical differences expand the study of American politics into neglected yet vital domains, generating fresh insights into the United States’ distinctive mix of capitalism and democracy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 25 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Problems and prospects for the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine in the conditions of transformation economy

The paper is devoted to the study of prospects, problems and opportunities for the development of social entrepreneurship, which necessitates the study and generalization of the experience of Ukraine and other countries. The paper examines the main approaches to defining the concept of “social entrepreneurship”, in particular a broad approach, combined (commercial and social), innovative and problem-oriented approaches. It is generalized that social entrepreneurship is an activity aimed at solving social problems and meeting the needs of society; a unique opportunity to combine a social mission and a desire to make money, provide some services and sell goods. The historical aspects of the formation of this type of entrepreneurship are considered. The functions aimed at adapting to crisis situations and the conditions necessary for the existence and full functioning of social entrepreneurship are highlighted. The main functions of social entrepreneurship are the creation of new jobs and reduction of social tension. The issues related to the negative factors and problems of development of this type of entrepreneurship are substantiated and covered. It was found that the process of forming a tool for managing social entrepreneurship in the country of transformation economy is quite slow. At the same time, the most acute problem is the lack of start-up investments and the lack of competition for funding, as well as bureaucracy, corruption, rapid price increases and the instability of the state economy. Opportunities and measures have been found that will allow companies to improve and develop in a positive way. These include: state support and the development of accompanying laws and regulations, the mobilization of untouched resources and the attraction of foreign investment.

Investigation into the Presence of Symbiodiniaceae in Antipatharians (Black Corals)

Here, we report a new broad approach to investigating the presence and density of Symbiodiniaceae cells in corals of the order Antipatharia subclass Hexacorallia, commonly known as black corals. Antipatharians are understudied ecosystem engineers of shallow (<30 m depth), mesophotic (30–150 m) and deep-sea (>200 m) reefs. They provide habitat to numerous organisms, enhancing and supporting coral reef biodiversity globally. Nonetheless, little biological and ecological information exists on antipatharians, including the extent to which global change disturbances are threatening their health. The previous assumption that they were exempted from threats related to the phenomenon known as bleaching was challenged by the recent findings of high densities of dinoflagellates within three antipatharian colonies. Further studies were thus necessary to investigate the broader uniformity of these findings. Here we report results of an integrated methodology combining microscopy and molecular techniques to investigate the presence and estimate the density of Symbiodiniaceae cells within two antipatharians species—Cupressopathes abies and Stichopathes maldivensis—from both shallow and mesophotic reefs of SW Madagascar. We found that Symbiodiniaceae-like cells were present within samples of both species collected from both shallow and mesophotic reefs, although the overall cell density was very low (0–4 cell mm−3). These findings suggest that presence or high abundance of Symbiodiniaceae is not characteristic of all antipatharians, which is relevant considering the bleaching phenomenon affecting other corals. However, the possibility of higher densities of dinoflagellates in other antipatharians or in colonies exposed to higher light irradiance deserves further investigation.

Judicial infringement of the right to internet access by the imposition of special sentencing conditions

<p>Section 14 of the Bill of Rights Act extends to protect internet access within New Zealand as a means of expression. Judicial restriction of internet access via the imposition of special conditions during sentencing is therefore an infringement of s 14. This interpretation of s 14 is consistent with its purpose, legislative history, and the broad approach afforded to human rights generally, as well as international case law and statutes. Any imposition of special conditions restricting internet access must be a demonstrably justifiable limit per s 5 of the Bill of Rights Act to be legitimate. The practical considerations of such a technological limit also warrant judicial consideration before it is imposed. As yet, New Zealand has no explicit protection of internet access but growing acceptance of its importance indicates that reform or judicial acknowledgement are, or soon will be, required.</p>

Judicial infringement of the right to internet access by the imposition of special sentencing conditions

<p>Section 14 of the Bill of Rights Act extends to protect internet access within New Zealand as a means of expression. Judicial restriction of internet access via the imposition of special conditions during sentencing is therefore an infringement of s 14. This interpretation of s 14 is consistent with its purpose, legislative history, and the broad approach afforded to human rights generally, as well as international case law and statutes. Any imposition of special conditions restricting internet access must be a demonstrably justifiable limit per s 5 of the Bill of Rights Act to be legitimate. The practical considerations of such a technological limit also warrant judicial consideration before it is imposed. As yet, New Zealand has no explicit protection of internet access but growing acceptance of its importance indicates that reform or judicial acknowledgement are, or soon will be, required.</p>