scholarly journals Environmental Drivers of Diversification and Hybridization in Neotropical Butterflies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicol Rueda-M ◽  
Fabian C. Salgado-Roa ◽  
Carlos H. Gantiva-Q ◽  
Carolina Pardo-Díaz ◽  
Camilo Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Topographic Complexity ◽  
Geographic Patterns

Studying how the environment shapes current biodiversity patterns in species rich regions is a fundamental issue in biogeography, ecology, and conservation. However, in the Neotropics, the study of the forces driving species distribution and richness, is mostly based on vertebrates and plants. In this study, we used 54,392 georeferenced records for 46 species and 1,012 georeferenced records for 38 interspecific hybrids of the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies to investigate the role of the environment in shaping their distribution and richness, as well as their geographic patterns of phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism. We also evaluated whether niche similarity promotes hybridization in Heliconius. We found that these insects display five general distribution patterns mostly explained by precipitation and isothermality, and to a lesser extent, by altitude. Interestingly, altitude plays a major role as a predictor of species richness and phylogenetic diversity, while precipitation explains patterns of phylogenetic endemism. We did not find evidence supporting the role of the environment in facilitating hybridization because hybridizing species do not necessarily share the same climatic niche despite some of them having largely overlapping geographic distributions. Overall, we confirmed that, as in other organisms, high annual temperature, a constant supply of water, and spatio-topographic complexity are the main predictors of diversity in Heliconius. However, future studies at large scale need to investigate the effect of microclimate variables and ecological interactions.

scholarly journals Revisiting Phonotactic Generalizations in Australian Languages

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Gasser ◽  
Claire Bowern
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Data ◽  
Australian Languages

Australian languages are famous for their uniform phonological systems. Cross-linguistic surveys of (or including) Australian languages have reinforced this view of Australian inventories and phonotactics. Such uniformity is surprising and unusual given the phylogenetic diversity in the country (28 phylic families). Moreover, although Australianists have assumed that uniformity in phonemic inventory is coupled with unity in phonotactics, this has not been tested.  Here we statistically test the generalizations current in the literature on Australian languages by deriving inventory information from lexical data (rather than grammatical descriptions).  We utilize a comparative database of lexical items from predominantly Pama-Nyungan languages in order to test published generalizations about phoneme inventories, phonotactics, and other phenomena (such as root internal vowel harmony patterns). By using lexical materials to derive inventories and segment frequencies, we are able to assemble a nuanced picture of the diversity of systems present among the languages. Inventory studies confirm, to some degree, the impression of uniformity. However, phoneme frequencies vary substantially across the sample even among languages with similar inventory types. This work is of particular importance to phonological typologies of Australian languages, but it has implications for wider phonological theory as well. The survey used here is the largest comparative database of a single language family. Rarely do we have the opportunity to conduct a large-scale typological investigation of related languages in this way. We also make a contribution to the role of typology in Optimality Theory. A large-scale survey of markedness patterns (in related languages) allows us to study occurring and non-occurring grammars. Finally, we can investigate the predictions of competing theories.

scholarly journals Unraveling the effects of environmental drivers and spatial structure on benthic species distribution patterns in Eurasian-Arctic seas (Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas)

Polar Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1705
Author(s):  
Miriam L. S. Hansen ◽  
Dieter Piepenburg ◽  
Dmitrii Pantiukhin ◽  
Casper Kraan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Arctic Seas ◽  
Faunal Distribution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In times of accelerating climate change, species are challenged to respond to rapidly shifting environmental settings. Yet, faunal distribution and composition are still scarcely known for remote and little explored seas, where observations are limited in number and mostly refer to local scales. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on Eurasian-Arctic macrobenthos that aims to unravel the relative influence of distinct spatial scales and environmental factors in determining their large-scale distribution and composition patterns. To consider the spatial structure of benthic distribution patterns in response to environmental forcing, we applied Moran’s eigenvector mapping (MEM) on a large dataset of 341 samples from the Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas taken between 1991 and 2014, with a total of 403 macrobenthic taxa (species or genera) that were present in ≥ 10 samples. MEM analysis revealed three spatial scales describing patterns within or beyond single seas (broad: ≥ 400 km, meso: 100–400 km, and small: ≤ 100 km). Each scale is associated with a characteristic benthic fauna and environmental drivers (broad: apparent oxygen utilization and phosphate, meso: distance-to-shoreline and temperature, small: organic carbon flux and distance-to-shoreline). Our results suggest that different environmental factors determine the variation of Eurasian-Arctic benthic community composition within the spatial scales considered and highlight the importance of considering the diverse spatial structure of species communities in marine ecosystems. This multiple-scale approach facilitates an enhanced understanding of the impact of climate-driven environmental changes that is necessary for developing appropriate management strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Arctic marine systems.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic dispersion and diversity in regional assemblages of seed plants in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23192-23201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Qian ◽  
Tao Deng ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Lingfeng Mao ◽  
Dan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Phylogenetic Niche Conservatism ◽  
Phylogenetic Dispersion

Species assemble into communities through ecological and evolutionary processes. Phylogenetic niche conservatism—the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological distributions—is thought to influence which species from a regional species pool can persist in a particular environment. We analyzed data for seed plants in China to test hypotheses about the distribution of species within regional floras. Of 16 environmental variables, actual evapotranspiration, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual precipitation most strongly influenced regional species richness, phylogenetic dispersion, and phylogenetic diversity for both gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants). For most evolutionary clades at, and above, the family level, the relationships between metrics of phylogenetic dispersion (i.e., average phylogenetic distance among species), or phylogenetic diversity, and the 3 environmental variables were consistent with the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, which predicts closer phylogenetic relatedness and reduced phylogenetic diversity with increasing environmental stress. The slopes of the relationships between phylogenetic relatedness and the 3 environmental drivers identified in this analysis were steeper for primarily tropical clades, implying greater niche conservatism, than for primarily temperate clades. These observations suggest that the distributions of seed plants across large-scale environmental gradients in China are constrained by conserved adaptations to the physical environment, i.e., phylogenetic niche conservatism.

Zooplankton Biomass in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence: Spatial Patterns and the Influence of Freshwater Runoff

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves De Lafontaine
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Freshwater Input ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Freshwater Runoff ◽  
Coastal Shelf ◽  
Runoff Variability

The role of advection of freshwater input in Zooplankton distribution was evaluated from 16 surveys carried out in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1967–71. Biomass was structured according to two main patterns: large-scale gradients (> 150 km) over the entire area and mesoscafe (≈25 km) patches. Patterns exhibited seasonal and interannual variability without any sign of recurrence through time, unlike the spatial structure of surface water temperature and salinity which was typical of large-scale dispersion gradients resulting from the seasonal input of freshwater into the area. In most cases, overall distribution patterns of biomass and hydrographic variables were not significantly correlated, indicating that biomass patterns in the southern Gulf were not related to water mass characteristics and advection of freshwater runoff over the entire area. Although mesoscale patchiness was unrelated to hydrographic processes, patch size (≈25 km) was similar to estimates obtained for the northern Gulf and for other coastal shelf areas. Large-scale gradients in biomass may correspond to species changes in relation to the salinity gradient and/or topography and bathymetric features. I conclude that biomass alone is not an adequate predictor for monitoring changes and variability of Zooplankton in response to runoff variability.

scholarly journals Testing the role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as drivers of the macroevolution of Apollo butterflies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien L. Condamine ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
Sebastian Höhna ◽  
Felix A. H. Sperling ◽  
Isabel Sanmartín
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Positive Dependence ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractIn macroevolution, the Red Queen (RQ) model posits that biodiversity dynamics depend mainly on species-intrinsic biotic factors such as interactions among species or life-history traits, while the Court Jester (CJ) model states that extrinsic environmental abiotic factors have a stronger role. Until recently, a lack of relevant methodological approaches has prevented the unraveling of contributions from these two types of factors to the evolutionary history of a lineage. Here we take advantage of the rapid development of new macroevolution models that tie diversification rates to changes in paleoenvironmental (extrinsic) and/or biotic (intrinsic) factors. We inferred a robust and fully-sampled species-level phylogeny, as well as divergence times and ancestral geographic ranges, and related these to the radiation of Apollo butterflies (Parnassiinae) using both extant (molecular) and extinct (fossil/morphological) evidence. We tested whether their diversification dynamics are better explained by a RQ or CJ hypothesis, by assessing whether speciation and extinction were mediated by diversity-dependence (niche filling) and clade-dependent host-plant association (RQ) or by large-scale continuous changes in extrinsic factors such as climate or geology (CJ). For the RQ hypothesis, we found significant differences in speciation rates associated with different host-plants but detected no sign of diversity-dependence. For CJ, the role of Himalayan-Tibetan building was substantial for biogeography but not a driver of high speciation, while positive dependence between warm climate and speciation/extinction was supported by continuously varying maximum-likelihood models. We find that rather than a single factor, the joint effect of multiple factors (biogeography, species traits, environmental drivers, and mass extinction) is responsible for current diversity patterns, and that the same factor might act differently across clades, emphasizing the notion of opportunity. This study confirms the importance of the confluence of several factors rather than single explanations in modeling diversification within lineages.

Shared Intentionality and Automatic Imitation: The case of La Ola

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-492
Author(s):  
Piotr Tomasz Makowski
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Propositional Attitudes ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Collective Intentionality ◽  
Crowd Behavior ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Individual Actions

This article argues that such large-scale cases of crowd behavior as the Mexican Wave ( La Ola) constitute forms of shared intentionality which cannot be explained solely with the use of the standard intentionalistic ontology. It claims that such unique forms of collective intentionality require a hybrid explanatory lens in which an account of shared goals, intentions, and other propositional attitudes is combined with an account of the motor psychology of collective agents. The paper describes in detail the intentionalistic ontology of La Ola and discusses the conditions of cooperation it meets. The discussion allows the author to defend the view that large-scale collective intentionality can be based on automaticity to a significant degree: to properly understand such phenomena like La Ola, the idea of probabilistically interpreted decisions and propensities to act should give way to the automatic aspects of behavior. This paves the way for future studies in the philosophy of action to fully recognize the role of automatic performances at the level of collective actions just as they do for individual actions.

Metapopulation-level associations in mutualistic stream fishes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoghyun Kim ◽  
Christine Dolph ◽  
Akira Terui
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Fish Distribution ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Stream Fishes ◽  
Host Nest ◽  
Associate Species

Positive biotic interactions are recognized as important factors determining species distributions. Although effects of positive interactions have often been observed at local scales, much less is known about consequences at larger spatial scales such as metapopulation dynamics. Here, we study nest associations of stream fishes - widespread reproductive mutualism between host (nest-builder) and beneficiary (nest associate) species in North America - as a model system to examine the role of positive interactions in determining the metapopulation-level association between host and beneficiary species. Using regional data of fish distribution in the Midwestern US, we found that watershed-level occupancy of host species (i.e., metapopulation occupancy) remarkably increased that of nest associates. Importantly, our results illustrated that the effects of positive biotic interactions at the metapopulation level were comparable or even stronger than environmental drivers, i.e., factors that have been studied most extensively in metapopulation studies. This study provides insightful evidence that positive biotic interactions have large-scale consequences for distributions of organisms than previously thought. Successful biodiversity conservation may need a broader framework that appreciates the role of positive biotic interactions at larger spatial scales.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Motives for Social Isolation Following a Negative Emotional Episode

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Gérald Delelis ◽  
Véronique Christophe
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Emotional Event ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotional Events

Abstract. After experiencing an emotional event, people either seek out others’ presence (social affiliation) or avoid others’ presence (social isolation). The determinants and effects of social affiliation are now well-known, but social psychologists have not yet thoroughly studied social isolation. This study aims to ascertain which motives and corresponding regulation strategies participants report for social isolation following negative emotional events. A group of 96 participants retrieved from memory an actual negative event that led them to temporarily socially isolate themselves and freely listed up to 10 motives for social isolation. Through semantic categorization of the 423 motives reported by the participants, we found that “cognitive clarification” and “keeping one’s distance” – that is, the need for cognitive regulation and the refusal of socioaffective regulation, respectively – were the most commonly and quickly reported motives for social isolation. We discuss the findings in terms of ideas for future studies aimed at clarifying the role of social isolation in health situations.

The Role of Sense of Direction and Other Factors During Navigation in a Large-Scale, Unconstrained Environment

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Ploran ◽  
Ericka Rovira ◽  
James C. Thompson ◽  
Raja Parasuraman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sense Of Direction
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