scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Associated With Sexual Dichromatism of Head Feather Color in Mallard

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengchao Ma ◽  
Hehe Liu ◽  
Jianmei Wang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Yang Xi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Dichromatism ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Melanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Feather Coloration

Sexual dimorphism of feather color is typical in mallards, in which drakes exhibit green head feathers, while females show dull head feather color. We showed that more melanosomes deposited in the males’ head’s feather barbules than females and further form a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, which conferred the green feather coloration of drakes. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that some essential melanin biosynthesis genes were highly expressed in feather follicles during the development of green feathers, contributing to melanin deposition. We further identified 18 candidate differentially expressed genes, which may affect the sharp color differences between the males’ head feathers, back feathers, and the females’ head feathers. TYR and TYRP1 genes are associated with melanin biosynthesis directly. Their expressions in the males’ head feather follicles were significantly higher than those in the back feather follicles and females’ head feather follicles. Most clearly, the expression of TYRP1 was 256 and 32 times higher in the head follicles of males than in those of the female head and the male back, respectively. Hence, TYR and TYRP1 are probably the most critical candidate genes in DEGs. They may affect the sexual dimorphism of head feather color by cis-regulation of some transcription factors and the Z-chromosome dosage effect.

scholarly journals Two-dimensional iodine-monofluoride epitaxy on WSe2

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Chang Lin ◽  
Sungwoo Lee ◽  
Yueh-Chiang Yang ◽  
Po-Wen Chiu ◽  
Gun-Do Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Surface Passivation ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Epitaxial Relationship ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Great Possibility

AbstractInterhalogen compounds (IHCs) are extremely reactive molecules used for halogenation, catalyst, selective etchant, and surface modification. Most of the IHCs are unstable at room temperature especially for the iodine-monofluoride (IF) whose structure is still unknown. Here we demonstrate an unambiguous observation of two-dimensional (2D) IF bilayer grown on the surface of WSe2 by using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The bilayer IF shows a clear hexagonal lattice and robust epitaxial relationship with the WSe2 substrate. Despite the IF is known to sublimate at −14 °C and has never found as a solid form in the ambient condition, but surprisingly it is found stabilized on a suitable substrate and the stabilized structure is supported by a density functional theory. This 2D form of IHC is actually a byproduct during a chemical vapor deposition growth of WSe2 in the presence of alkali metal halides as a growth promoter and requires immediate surface passivation to sustain. This work points out a great possibility to produce 2D structures that are unexpected to be crystallized or cannot be obtained by a simple exfoliation but can be grown only on a certain substrate.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock-Defect Interactions in Two-Dimensional Nonreactive Crystals

1992 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Sinkovits ◽  
Lee Phillips ◽  
Elaine S. Oran ◽  
Jay P. Boris
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Connection Machine ◽  
Defect Sites ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Shock Motion ◽  
Defect Interactions ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

AbstractThe interactions of shocks with defects in two-dimensional square and hexagonal lattices of particles interacting through Lennard-Jones potentials are studied using molecular dynamics. In perfect lattices at zero temperature, shocks directed along one of the principal axes propagate through the crystal causing no permanent disruption. Vacancies, interstitials, and to a lesser degree, massive defects are all effective at converting directed shock motion into thermalized two-dimensional motion. Measures of lattice disruption quantitatively describe the effects of the different defects. The square lattice is unstable at nonzero temperatures, as shown by its tendency upon impact to reorganize into the lower-energy hexagonal state. This transition also occurs in the disordered region associated with the shock-defect interaction. The hexagonal lattice can be made arbitrarily stable even for shock-vacancy interactions through appropriate choice of potential parameters. In reactive crystals, these defect sites may be responsible for the onset of detonation. All calculations are performed using a program optimized for the massively parallel Connection Machine.

Interfacial crack in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robb Thomson ◽  
S. J. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Interfacial Crack ◽  
Two Dimensional

Microfabricated two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal lattice trap

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rattanasonti ◽  
P. Srinivasan ◽  
M. Kraft ◽  
R. C. Sterling ◽  
S. Weidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Two Dimensional

Dispersion relations of dust lattice waves in two-dimensional honeycomb configuration

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-633
Author(s):  
B. FAROKHI
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Relation ◽  
Group Velocity ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Dispersion Relations ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lattice Waves ◽  
The Waves

AbstractThe linear dust lattice waves propagating in a two-dimensional honeycomb configuration is investigated. The interaction between particles is considered up to distance 2a, i.e. the third-neighbor interactions. Longitudinal and transverse (in-plane) dispersion relations are derived for waves in arbitrary directions. The study of dispersion relations with more neighbor interactions shows that in some cases the results change physically. Also, the dispersion relation in the different direction displays anisotropy of the group velocity in the lattice. The results are compared with dispersion relations of the waves in the hexagonal lattice.

scholarly journals Complex crystalline structures in a two-dimensional core-softened system

Soft Matter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2152-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita P. Kryuchkov ◽  
Stanislav O. Yurchenko ◽  
Yury D. Fomin ◽  
Elena N. Tsiok ◽  
Valentin N. Ryzhov
Keyword(s):  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Crystalline Structures ◽  
System P ◽  
System Of Particles ◽  
2D System

A transition from a square to a hexagonal lattice is studied in a 2D system of particles interacting via a core-softened potential.

scholarly journals Subspecific and Temporal Variation in the Structurally Based Coloration of the Ultramarine Grosbeak

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. Barreira ◽  
Dario A. Lijtmaer ◽  
Stephen C. Lougheed ◽  
Pablo L. Tubaro
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Reflectance Spectra ◽  
Plumage Coloration ◽  
Sexual Dichromatism ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Uv Reflectance ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Dark Blue

Abstract Abstract Ultramarine Grosbeaks (Cyanocompsa brissonii) possess a striking sexual dichromatism, with males dark blue and females brown. There are two subspecies in Argentina: the larger-bodied C. b. argentina, which is common in shrubs and semiopen areas, and the smaller C. b. sterea that inhabits forests. We measured reflectance spectra of six plumage patches from study skins to evaluate the possibility of color differences between males of each subspecies and temporal variation in plumage coloration. We found differences between subspecies in color brightness, hue, saturation, and UV chroma in the plumage patches of more conspicuous coloration, which could be related to ambient light differences between the environments that each subspecies inhabits. We also documented temporal color variation in some plumage patches, in particular a gradual decrease of UV reflectance and a gradual increase in hue after molting, possibly attributable to feather wear.

scholarly journals Smeared Lattice Model as a Framework for Order to Disorder Transitions in 2D Systems

Crystals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Cherkas ◽  
Sergey Cherkas
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Porous Alumina ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Square Lattice ◽  
2D Systems ◽  
Hard Disks ◽  
Ideal Crystal ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Lattice Constants ◽  
Solid Films

Order to disorder transitions are important for two-dimensional (2D) objects such as oxide films with cellular porous structure, honeycomb, graphene, Bénard cells in liquid, and artificial systems consisting of colloid particles on a plane. For instance, solid films of porous alumina represent almost regular crystalline structure. We show that in this case, the radial distribution function is well described by the smeared hexagonal lattice of the two-dimensional ideal crystal by inserting some amount of defects into the lattice.Another example is a system of hard disks in a plane, which illustrates order to disorder transitions. It is shown that the coincidence with the distribution function obtained by the solution of the Percus–Yevick equation is achieved by the smoothing of the square lattice and injecting the defects of the vacancy type into it. However, better approximation is reached when the lattice is a result of a mixture of the smoothed square and hexagonal lattices. Impurity of the hexagonal lattice is considerable at short distances. Dependencies of the lattice constants, smoothing widths, and contributions of the different type of the lattices on the filling parameter are found. The transition to order looks to be an increase of the hexagonal lattice fraction in the superposition of hexagonal and square lattices and a decrease of their smearing.

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