Thermodynamics, static properties and transport behaviour of fluids with competing interactions

Competing interaction fluids have become ideal model systems to study a large number of phenomena, for example, the formation of intermediate range order structures, condensed phases not seen in fluids driven by purely attractive or repulsive forces, the onset of particle aggregation under in- and out-of-equilibrium conditions, which results in the birth of reversible and irreversible aggregates or clusters whose topology and morphology depend additionally on the thermodynamic constrictions, and a particle dynamics that has a strong influence on the transport behaviour and rheological properties of the fluid. In this contribution, we study a system of particles interacting through a potential composed by a continuous succession of a short-ranged square-well, an intermediate-ranged square-shoulder and a long-ranged square-well. This potential model is chosen to systematically analyse the contribution of every component of the interaction potential on the phase behaviour, the microstructure, the morphology of the resulting aggregates and the transport phenomena of fluids described by competing interactions. Our results indicate that the inclusion of a barrier and a second well leads to new and interesting effects, which in addition result in variations of the physical properties associated to the competition among interactions.

Introduction and Analysis of a Method for the Investigation of QCD-Like Tree Data

The properties of decays that take place during jet formation cannot be easily deduced from the final distribution of particles in a detector. In this work, we first simulate a system of particles with well-defined masses, decay channels, and decay probabilities. This presents the “true system” for which we want to reproduce the decay probability distributions. Assuming we only have the data that this system produces in the detector, we decided to employ an iterative method which uses a neural network as a classifier between events produced in the detector by the “true system” and some arbitrary “test system”. In the end, we compare the distributions obtained with the iterative method to the “true” distributions.

Study of the Disperse Composition of Suspensions and Sputtered Substances by means of Small-Angle Light Scattering

Spatial distribution of the light scattered by a disperse system of particles depends on their sizes, shapes, positions, etc., which can be used for experimental determination of the parameters mentioned. For stochastic systems with the particles’ sizes exceeding the radiation wavelength, most of the scattered radiation concentrates near the incident beam axis. In this small-angle approximation, the scattering pattern is especially simple and regular, which enables to develop efficient procedures for the disperse system investigation. We describe the algorithm for determination of the mean particle radius in the system with lognormal distribution of the particle sizes and negligible multiple scattering. The algorithm’s performance is demonstrated on the practical example of the “fog” generated by a gasoline injector. The ways are discussed for further algorithm generalization and its extension to a non-parametric analysis of disperse systems with a priori unknown form of the particle sizes’ distribution.

Toward a relativistic microscopic substantiation of thermodynamics: classical relativistic many-particle dynamics

An exact closed relativistic kinetic equation is derived for a system of identical classical particles interacting with each other through a scalar field. The law of variation of the energy of a system of particles in terms of the microscopic distribution function is obtained.

In Shortly about Energy and Energy Sources

Energy is an effective force, a life activity, a determination. Energy in physics is the ability of a body or system to do some work; a quantity that characterizes the motion, rest, or position of a body, liquid, particle, or system of particles, and a quantity to describe field particles transmitted by natural forces and particle interactions. Energy appears in nature, technology and industry in various forms that are transformed into each other according to the principle of energy conservation: it cannot be spend or created, but only change its form. An energy source is any substance which serves as a raw material in the process of obtaining energy.

Migration Behavior of Low-Density Particles in Lab-on-a-Disc Devices: Effect of Walls

The effect of the lateral walls of a Lab-On-a-Disc device on the dynamics of a model system of particles with a density lower than that of the solvent (modelling parasites eggs) is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. In the absence of lateral walls, a particle always moves in the direction of the centrifugal force, while its trajectory is deflected in the tangential direction by the inertial Coriolis and Euler forces. Lateral walls, depending on the angle forming with the radial direction, can guide the particle either in the same or in the opposite direction to the centrifugal force, thus resulting in unusual particle trajectories including zig-zag or backwards particle motion. The effect is pronounced in the case of short operation times when the acceleration of the angular rotation, and thus the Euler force, is considerable. The predicted unusual motion is demonstrated by numerically solving the equation of motion in the presence of lateral walls and verified in the experiment with particles of density lower than that of the solvent. Our analysis is useful for design and operational considerations of Lab-On-a-Disc devices aiming for or involving (bio)particle handling.

The geometry of equations of motion: particles in equivalent universes

The equations of motion for the simplest non-holonomically constrained system of particles are formulated using six methods: Newton–Euler, Lagrange, Maggi, Gibbs–Appell, Kane, and Boltzmann–Hamel. The challenging tasks of exploring and explaining the relationships and equivalences between these formulations is accomplished by constructing a single representative particle for the system of particles. The single particle is constrained to move on a configuration manifold. The explicit construction of sets of tangent vectors to the manifold and their relation to the forces acting on the single particle are used to provide several helpful geometric interpretations of the relationships between the formulations. These interpretations can also be extended to help understand the relationships between different formulations of the equations of motion for more complex systems, including systems of rigid bodies and particles.

Particle Theory: A New Theory That May Reconcile General Relativity and Quantum Theory

In an attempt to reconcile General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, Particle Theory is a concept that may try to address this issue. This theory explains the effects accurately calculated by General Relativity in an alternate and real, physical way, and is therefore an alternative to GR. The theory states that indivisible atomic particles are instead divided into even smaller particles (called “EM particles”) held together by a central potential, the speed of light being the limit to their velocities. The “shedding” of these particles are responsible for the static and magnetic fields we observe. This also creates a “screening” effect that, for an atomic particle at rest, blocks about half of what this theory defines as the “true gravitational potential”, which is just twice the Newtonian value (mediated by what this theory defines as “gravity particles”). When an atomic system of particles starts moving in a certain direction, the act of shedding and the internal movement decreases as the particles orient themselves in the direction of the velocity, which reduces the screening effect, where we start to observe the relativistic effects of General (and Special) Relativity.