scholarly journals Dysbacteriosis of the Intestinal Flora Is an Important Reason for the Death of Adult House Flies Caused by Beauveria bassiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiling Zhang ◽  
Shuo Feng ◽  
Xiaochen Xie ◽  
Zhendong Huang ◽  
Qing Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Negative Interaction ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Virulence Marker ◽  
Insect Pathogens

Beauveria bassiana is one of the most widespread insect pathogens and can be used in the biological control of agricultural, forestry and medical pests. The mechanisms by which B. bassiana leads to mortality in different host insects are also different. For house flies, B. bassiana has strong virulence, but its microecological mechanism is not clear. In this paper, the virulence of three strains of B. bassiana (TB, CB and BB) isolated from different hosts to house flies was studied. The results showed that the three strains of B. bassiana had strong pathogenicity to house fly adults. Specifically, TB was the strongest, CB was the second strongest, and BB was the weakest, with maximum lethal effects on house fly populations 5, 6, and 7 days after infection, respectively. Further study showed that the intestinal flora of house flies was disordered 3, 4, and 5 days after B. bassiana TB, CB and BB strain infection, respectively. Intestinal flora dysbacteriosis may be an important reason for the death of house flies caused by B. bassiana. After infection, the negative interaction ratio of bacteria in the house fly intestine decreased, and the stronger the virulence was, the lower the negative interaction ratio was. The time from B. bassiana infection to intestinal flora dysbacteriosis was not fixed. We named this period the “spring stage”. The stronger the virulence of the B. bassiana strain was, the shorter the “spring stage” was. Therefore, the “spring stage” can be used as a virulence marker for evaluating the pathogenicity of different B. bassiana strains.

scholarly journals Detection of Parasitised Fly Puparia Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd E. Dowell ◽  
Alberto B. Broce ◽  
Feng Xie ◽  
James E. Throne ◽  
James E. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Partial Least Squares Analysis ◽  
House Flies

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to identify house fly ( Musca domestica L.) puparia that contained viable parasitoids. Results derived from a partial least squares analysis of NIR spectra showed that about 80–90% of puparia containing parasitoids could be identified correctly. Difference spectra and beta coefficients indicated that absorption differences between parasitised and unparasitised puparia may have been due to moisture content and/or differences in composition of chitin or lipid components. Detection of viable hymenopterous parasitoids within puparia could assist commercial insectaries in delivering known quantities of parasitised puparia for biological control of house flies and other filth flies and in rapidly determining levels of parasitisation of these flies in confined livestock and poultry operations.

scholarly journals Exposure Timing and Method Affect Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Efficacy Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxie L White ◽  
Christopher J Geden ◽  
Phillip E Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Window Of Vulnerability

Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L., are widely recognized for their ability to develop resistance to chemical insecticides so alternative control strategies are desired. The use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to manage house fly populations has shown promising results; however, the success of using this fungus against larval house flies varies widely. The overall objective of this study was to examine factors that may influence efficacy of B. bassiana treatments against larvae. When a high concentration (4 × 1011 conidia/ml) was applied to first- and second-instar larvae in rearing medium, there was a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence rates. Treating third-instar larvae at the same concentration did not result in a significant reduction of pupation or adult emergence. Temperature (22 versus 32°C) and media composition (diets with- and without propionic acid) did not affect the B. bassiana treatment efficacy against house fly larvae. The narrow time window of vulnerability of larvae and the high doses required to infect them indicate that B. bassiana has little potential as an operational biocontrol agent for house fly larvae.

scholarly journals Comparative Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Four Strains of Beauveria bassiana Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Adults With Attempted Selection for Faster Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxie L White ◽  
Christopher J Geden ◽  
Phillip E Kaufman ◽  
Dana Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
House Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae/brunneum (Metchnikoff)/Petch have shown promising results for managing the house fly, Musca domestica L. A primary challenge of using these biological control agents (BCAs) in field situations is the time required to induce high adult house fly mortality, typically 6–7 d post-exposure. In this study, virulence of M. anisopliae (strain F52) and four B. bassiana strains were compared. The B. bassiana strains GHA and HF23 are used in commercial products and those were compared with two strains that were isolated from house flies on dairy farms (NFH10 and L90). Assays were conducted by exposing adult house flies to fungal-treated filter paper disks for 2 h. The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) at the high concentration of 1 × 109 conidia ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 d for all five strains. GHA, NFH10, and L90 killed flies faster than M. anisopliae strain F52; HF23 did not differ from either the M. anisopliae or the other B. bassiana strains. Attempts with the NFH10 strain to induce faster fly mortality through selection across 10 fungal to fly passages did not result in shorter time to fly death of the selected strain compared with the unselected strain.

Biological control of house flies Musca domestica and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) by means of inundative releases of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Skovgård ◽  
G. Nachman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Stable Flies

AbstractThe efficacy of the pupal parasitoid Spalangia cameroni Perkins as a biological control agent was tested against house flies Musca domestica Linnaeus and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) in one dairy cattle and two pig installations in Denmark. Weekly releases of S. cameroni from April through to September–October 1999 and 2000 resulted in significant suppressions of house fly populations to below nuisance level, whereas no effect on stable flies was found. Parasitism was significantly higher in the release years compared to the control years, but was below 25% averaged over the fly season for each farm. A statistical model based on a functional relationship between the innate capacity of increase of the two fly species and three explanatory variables (air temperature, fly density and parasitism) provided a fairly good fit to data with the abundances of house flies and stable flies explained mostly by temperature, but intra- and interspecific competition, and parasitism had a significant effect as well. Overall, the model was capable of explaining 14% and 6.6% of the total variation in data for house fly and stable fly, respectively. Spalangia cameroni was the predominant parasitoid to emerge from exposed house fly pupae, but from mid summer onwards Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was also quite common. The study indicated that biological control of house flies can be an efficient alternative to chemical control.

scholarly journals Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elad Chiel ◽  
Christopher J. Geden
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Fly Control

House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16 

An assessment of biological control of the banana pseudostem weevil Odoiporus longicollis (Olivier) by entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 101262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alagersamy Alagesan ◽  
Balakrishnan Padmanaban ◽  
Gunasekaran Tharani ◽  
Sundaram Jawahar ◽  
Subramanian Manivannan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi

scholarly journals Genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster pathogen susceptibility

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. TINSLEY ◽  
S. BLANFORD ◽  
F. M. JIGGINS
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Host Ecology ◽  
Insect Pathogens ◽  
Immunological Research ◽  
Pathogen Exposure

Genetic variation in susceptibility to pathogens is a central concern both to evolutionary and medical biologists, and for the implementation of biological control programmes. We have investigated the extent of such variation in Drosophila melanogaster, a major model organism for immunological research. We found that within populations, different Drosophila genotypes show wide-ranging variation in their ability to survive infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Furthermore, striking divergence in susceptibility has occurred between genotypes from temperate and tropical African locations. We hypothesize that this may have been driven by adaptation to local differences in pathogen exposure or host ecology. Genetic variation within populations may be maintained by temporal or spatial variation in the costs and benefits of pathogen defence. Insect pathogens are employed widely as biological control agents and entomopathogenic fungi are currently being developed for reducing malaria transmission by mosquitoes. Our data highlight the need for concern about resistance evolution to these novel biopesticides in vector populations.

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