scholarly journals Exposure Timing and Method Affect Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Efficacy Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxie L White ◽  
Christopher J Geden ◽  
Phillip E Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Window Of Vulnerability

Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L., are widely recognized for their ability to develop resistance to chemical insecticides so alternative control strategies are desired. The use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to manage house fly populations has shown promising results; however, the success of using this fungus against larval house flies varies widely. The overall objective of this study was to examine factors that may influence efficacy of B. bassiana treatments against larvae. When a high concentration (4 × 1011 conidia/ml) was applied to first- and second-instar larvae in rearing medium, there was a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence rates. Treating third-instar larvae at the same concentration did not result in a significant reduction of pupation or adult emergence. Temperature (22 versus 32°C) and media composition (diets with- and without propionic acid) did not affect the B. bassiana treatment efficacy against house fly larvae. The narrow time window of vulnerability of larvae and the high doses required to infect them indicate that B. bassiana has little potential as an operational biocontrol agent for house fly larvae.

scholarly journals Effect of Neem, Siam Weed and Vetiver Oils on Physiological Reactions and Fitness of House Fly, Musca domestica L

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-523
Author(s):  
O.J. Soyelu ◽  
B.A. Oluwamakinde ◽  
R.E. Okonji
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Plant Oils ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
House Flies

Insecticidal activities of hexane extracts of leaves and roots of siam weed and vetiver, and roots of neem were assessed against house fly, Musca domestica L. Mortality test was conducted using serial concentrations 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% of extracted oils while behavioural orientation of house fly to oil odour, antioviposition effect of oil toward the insects, biochemical reactions in treated flies and fitness of offspring were determined using 20% oil concentration. House fly mortality varied significantly with plant species and part of plant extracted (P < 0.001), concentration applied (P < 0.001) and time post-exposure (P < 0.001). All tested plant extracts showed potential as good control agents with average mortality ranging from 59-74%. However, significantly lower median lethal values (LC50 and LT50) separated vetiver as the most toxic plant against the insect pest. The plant oils repelled house flies (93-100%), reduced the number of larvae that hatched from laid eggs, lowered adult emergence and caused a significant reduction in size and weight of offspring. On the contrary, exposure to plant oils did not alter offspring sex ratio. In comparison to untreated house flies, plant oils induced biochemical stress in poisoned cohorts as evidenced in significant deviation of digestive enzyme (α- and β- amylases, lipase) activity and concentrations of detoxifying enzyme (glutathione-Stransferase), neurochemical enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) and energy metabolism biomolecules (total protein). Implications of obtained results for non-chemical control strategies are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Four Strains of Beauveria bassiana Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Adults With Attempted Selection for Faster Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxie L White ◽  
Christopher J Geden ◽  
Phillip E Kaufman ◽  
Dana Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
House Fly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae/brunneum (Metchnikoff)/Petch have shown promising results for managing the house fly, Musca domestica L. A primary challenge of using these biological control agents (BCAs) in field situations is the time required to induce high adult house fly mortality, typically 6–7 d post-exposure. In this study, virulence of M. anisopliae (strain F52) and four B. bassiana strains were compared. The B. bassiana strains GHA and HF23 are used in commercial products and those were compared with two strains that were isolated from house flies on dairy farms (NFH10 and L90). Assays were conducted by exposing adult house flies to fungal-treated filter paper disks for 2 h. The lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) at the high concentration of 1 × 109 conidia ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 d for all five strains. GHA, NFH10, and L90 killed flies faster than M. anisopliae strain F52; HF23 did not differ from either the M. anisopliae or the other B. bassiana strains. Attempts with the NFH10 strain to induce faster fly mortality through selection across 10 fungal to fly passages did not result in shorter time to fly death of the selected strain compared with the unselected strain.

scholarly journals Dysbacteriosis of the Intestinal Flora Is an Important Reason for the Death of Adult House Flies Caused by Beauveria bassiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiling Zhang ◽  
Shuo Feng ◽  
Xiaochen Xie ◽  
Zhendong Huang ◽  
Qing Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Negative Interaction ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Virulence Marker ◽  
Insect Pathogens

Beauveria bassiana is one of the most widespread insect pathogens and can be used in the biological control of agricultural, forestry and medical pests. The mechanisms by which B. bassiana leads to mortality in different host insects are also different. For house flies, B. bassiana has strong virulence, but its microecological mechanism is not clear. In this paper, the virulence of three strains of B. bassiana (TB, CB and BB) isolated from different hosts to house flies was studied. The results showed that the three strains of B. bassiana had strong pathogenicity to house fly adults. Specifically, TB was the strongest, CB was the second strongest, and BB was the weakest, with maximum lethal effects on house fly populations 5, 6, and 7 days after infection, respectively. Further study showed that the intestinal flora of house flies was disordered 3, 4, and 5 days after B. bassiana TB, CB and BB strain infection, respectively. Intestinal flora dysbacteriosis may be an important reason for the death of house flies caused by B. bassiana. After infection, the negative interaction ratio of bacteria in the house fly intestine decreased, and the stronger the virulence was, the lower the negative interaction ratio was. The time from B. bassiana infection to intestinal flora dysbacteriosis was not fixed. We named this period the “spring stage”. The stronger the virulence of the B. bassiana strain was, the shorter the “spring stage” was. Therefore, the “spring stage” can be used as a virulence marker for evaluating the pathogenicity of different B. bassiana strains.

Laboratory Tests with House Flies and House Fly Larvae Resistant to DDT

1950 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pimentel ◽  
J. E. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Larvae

EFFECTS OF ECDYSONES, JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGS, AND 6-OXOOCTANOIC ACID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOSQUITO, CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Ittycheriah ◽  
M. S. Quraishi ◽  
E. P. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Topical Treatment ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Analog ◽  
Hormone Analog ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Hormone Analogs ◽  
Very High

AbstractEggs, larvae, and pupae of Culex tarsalis Coquillett were treated with ecdysones, juvenile hormone analogs, and 6-oxooctanoic acid. Effects of these agents on mortality, induction of supernumerary stages, and adult emergence were determined. Topical treatment of eggs with CRD9499 (a juvenile hormone analog), β-ecdysone, and 22-isoecdysone caused a reduction in adult emergence. Treatment of fourth-instar larvae with these chemicals not only induced mortality but also caused the formation of supernumerary intermediate stages. Larvae of C. tarsalis were very susceptible to CRD9499, but pupae were resistant. The ecdysones caused some mortality but only at very high doses and would thus be of little use as larvicides. 6-Oxooctanoic acid caused high rates of mortality at 0.001 M concentrations.

CONTROL OF EGG FERTILIZATION BY NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) WHEN LAYING ON PARASITIZED HOUSE FLY PUPAE

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
House Flies

AbstractFemales of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) lay a smaller percentage of fertilized (i.e. female) eggs on house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae previously parasitized by their own species, by Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L., or by Spalangia cameroni Perk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) than on unparasitized hosts. They respond to changes in the fly pupae associated with death, and in the case of house flies attacked by N. vitripennis, to "venoms" injected at that time or to changes unrelated to death. By not fertilizing eggs that they lay on attacked hosts, the females also conserve sperm, for immature N. vitripennis on previously-attacked fly pupae are usually killed by parasite larvae already present.

scholarly journals Evaluation of triflumuron and pyriproxyfen as alternative candidates to control house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249496
Author(s):  
Saad M. Alzahrani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Riyadh City ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

This study was conducted to determine the susceptibility and resistance of some house fly strains of Musca domestica L. to the insect growth regulator insecticides triflumuron and pyriproxyfen in some locations in Riyadh city. Field-collected strains of M. domestica L. from five sites in Riyadh city that represented five slaughterhouse sites where flies spread significantly were tested against triflumuron and pyriproxyfen. Triflumuron LC50 values for the five collected strains ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 ppm, and the resistance factors (RFs) ranged from 13-fold to 27-fold that of the susceptible laboratory strain. Pyriproxyfen LC50 values for the field strains ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 ppm with RFs of 3-fold to 5-fold. These results indicate that pyriproxyfen is an effective insecticide to control house flies and should be used in rotation with other insecticides in the control programs applied by Riyadh municipality.

scholarly journals Integrative biology defines novel biomarkers of resistance to strongylid infection in horses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Sallé ◽  
Cécile Canlet ◽  
Jacques Cortet ◽  
Christine Koch ◽  
Joshua Malsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Phenylalanine Level ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

AbstractThe widespread failure of anthelmintic drugs against nematodes of veterinary interest requires novel control strategies. Selective treatment of the most susceptible individuals could reduce drug selection pressure but requires appropriate biomarkers of the intrinsic susceptibility potential. To date, this has been missing in livestock species. Here, we selected Welsh ponies with divergent intrinsic susceptibility to cyathostomin infection and found that their potential was sustained across a 10-year time window. Using this unique set of individuals, we monitored variations in their blood cell populations, plasma metabolites and faecal microbiota over a grazing season to isolate core differences between their respective responses under worm-free or natural infection conditions. Our analyses identified the concomitant rise in plasmatic phenylalanine level and faecal Prevotella abundance and the reduction in circulating monocyte counts as biomarkers of the need for drug treatment. This biological signal was replicated in other independent populations. We also unravelled an immunometabolic network encompassing plasmatic beta-hydroxybutyrate level, short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria and circulating neutrophils that forms the discriminant baseline between susceptible and resistant individuals. Altogether our observations open new perspectives on the susceptibility of equids to cyathostomin infection and leave scope for both new biomarkers of infection and nutritional intervention.

scholarly journals PERANAN Musca domestica SEBAGAI VEKTOR MEKANIK TELUR INFEKTIF Ascaris lumbricoides

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Suriyani Tan ◽  
Machrumnizar Machrumnizar
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fish Meat

Muscadomestica (house fly) is an insect that is considered useless by humans although they lived very close to humans. Breeding site of flies in human or animal waste, the rubbish, or unorganic objects that have decayed greatly support their role as mechanical vectors. More than 20 species of flies have been reported as an agent of gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this study is to examnine the role of houseflies as mechanical vectors Ascarislumbricoides’seggs.The research sample was 500 house flies (Muscadomestica) captured in the Legok area. Houseflies were trapped by fly trap containing rotten fish meat and then stored at a temperature of 4 degree celcius. The samples were divided into six groups according to the sampling areas, crushed and checked directly by using a light microscope. Ascarislumbricoides eggs are not found in all groups of samples. The study concluded that Muscadomestica is not a mechanical vector of infective eggs of Ascarislumbricoides in Tangerang City, Banten Province.

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