scholarly journals Microplastics in Mollusks: Research Progress, Current Contamination Status, Analysis Approaches, and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixuan Wang ◽  
Hongli Mou ◽  
Xiaozhi Lin ◽  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Status Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Reference

Plastic fragments < 5 mm, known as microplastics (MPs), are ubiquitously present in the marine environment. Research on MPs pollution has gradually shifted from field investigations to laboratory studies. With the rapid growth of plastic consumption and the prevalence of aquaculture products, studies on marine MPs have focused on key marine species, such as mollusks. This review summarizes the recent knowledge including 77 important relevant literatures (from 2010 to 2021) on MPs contamination in mollusks with the objectives of (1) elucidating the current status of MPs pollution levels in mollusks, (2) highlighting the main methods and techniques for separation, extraction, and identification of MPs in soft tissues of bivalves and (3) presenting the current research progress and future directions. The review visually presents some of the important results in graphic form, which shows that the most common polymer plastics in bivalves are polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene, and the shapes were mainly fiber and threadiness, mollusks are more likely to feed smaller MPs, most of the MPs in bivalves are less than 500 μm, and the abundance of MPs in seawater and the abundance of MPs in mollusks have a positive relationship, etc. This review will provide a comprehensive reference for studies of microplastics in marine organisms and the ecological pollution, and also has scientific guiding significance in the research method.

scholarly journals A Review of Injectable and Implantable Biomaterials for Treatment and Repair of Soft Tissues in Wound Healing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Feng Chou ◽  
Simi Gunaseelan ◽  
Mhd Hussam Hijazi Kiellani ◽  
Venkata Vamsi Krishna Thottempudi ◽  
Pierre Neuenschwander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
Dressing Materials

The two major topics concerning the development of nanomedicine are drug delivery and tissue engineering. With the advance in nanotechnology, scientists and engineers now have the ability to fabricate functional drug carriers and/or biomaterials that deliver and release drugs locally as well as promote tissue regeneration. In this short review, we address the use of nanotechnology in the fabrication of biomaterials (i.e., nanoparticles and nanofibers) and their therapeutic function in wound healing as dressing materials. Furthermore, we discuss the use of surface nanofeatures to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, which is a crucial step in wound healing associated with tissue regeneration. Given that nanotechnology-based biomaterials exhibit superior pharmaceutical performance as compared to the traditional medicine, this short review provides current status and future directions of how nanotechnology is and will be used in biomedical field, especially in wound healing.

Current Status and Future Directions of Nanoparticulate Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhou ◽  
Renhe Liu ◽  
Shuo Qin ◽  
Ruilian Yu ◽  
Yao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions

Mix Networks: Existing Scenarios and Future Directions on Security and Privacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaleel Ahmad ◽  
Afsar Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Practical Solution ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
The Web ◽  
Privacy Enhancing Techniques

Background: Privacy enhancing techniques are developed in order to provide strong protection to cyberspace. These techniques aim to allow users to keep their identities hidden during the communication when they are sending email, making payments online, browsing the Web or posting to newsgroups. MixNet is the most practical solution for concealing identities of message and sender’s identities. Objective: It provides sender and receiver anonymity as well as message security. The main goal of MixNet is to overcome vulnerability and enhance the performance of communication. It can efficiently handle the messages of various length and produce desirable results with privacy. The main objective of this paper is to acquire information and concepts regarding MixNet. We also provide guidelines for future research and references. Methods : The designing of MixNet depends on what cryptosystem method is used. Symmetric and Asymmetric both are used. Other methods could be also used such as PIR, CSP and FDR model, RPC, Token-based approach or others. Result: In this paper we provide an overview of MixNet approaches and presented a survey on MixNet based techniques and different models. We also constructed the comparison tables as per our requirements for better understanding. For this purpose, we found a total of 120 articles related to the MixNet published between 1990 and 2018 from the most relevant scientific resources. However, only 86 papers were analyzed due to comprehensiveness and relevancy to this article. Conclusion: Focused on the security and privacy of communication and how it can be achieved. This survey also reveals research progress and research gap on MixNet.

scholarly journals New Approaches for the Treatment of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Current Status and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Edward Bennett Saidu ◽  
Chiara Bonini ◽  
Anne Dickinson ◽  
Magdalena Grce ◽  
Marit Inngjerdingen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
New Approaches

scholarly journals Current Status of Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Cancer: From Viral Genome to Patient Care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoru Dong ◽  
Xinhua Shu ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
Andreas M. Kaufmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
E6 And E7 ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers. Up to 38%–80% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in oropharyngeal location (OPSCC) and nearly all cervical cancers contain the HPV genome which is implicated in causing cancer through its oncoproteins E6 and E7. Given by the biologically distinct HPV-related OPSCC and a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative tumors, clinical trials on de-escalation treatment strategies for these patients have been studied. It is therefore raised the questions for the patient stratification if treatment de-escalation is feasible. Moreover, understanding the crosstalk of HPV-mediated malignancy and immunity with clinical insights from the proportional response rate to immune checkpoint blockade treatments in patients with HNSCC is of importance to substantially improve the treatment efficacy. This review discusses the biology of HPV-related HNSCC as well as successful clinically findings with promising candidates in the pipeline for future directions. With the advent of various sequencing technologies, further biomolecules associated with HPV-related HNSCC progression are currently being identified to be used as potential biomarkers or targets for clinical decisions throughout the continuum of cancer care.

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